Lo ‘kudliwa kwemakhiwa’ sitselo lesatiwako lesidliwa sisesisha, njengesitselo lesomisiwe noma sisetjentiswe ekwakheni jamu, ichutney kanye nekwenta kudla kwekugcina. Akhicitwa ngetulu kwemave lamashumi lasihlanu mhlabawonkhe, phindze akhule kahle etindzaweni letifutfumele kahle naletomile eNingizimu Afrika.
Muva, emakhiwa elibala lelimnyama ayandza ngekwatiwa, indlela yekupholisa isitile kwentela kutfutfukisa imphilo yaseshelufini yemakhiwa lamasha, lokuhanjiswa kwemakhiwa ase Ningizimu Afrika nge airfreight, sekufakele ekudleni lokuchubeka ngekuhanjiswa, ngesikhatsi senyanga yeLweti noma yeNgongoni kuya kuyaMabasa noma yeNkhwenkhweti.
Imakethe lencane yemakhiwa lamancane lesuka eNingizimu Afrika, kunhlobonhlobo ye Evita (Grat Parisian), iyakhula.
Umlandvo we Makhiwa
Emakhiwa angavela eWestern Asia futsi angafuniselwa emuva kuya ku 5000 B.C. asakateka ngetivakashi futsi etfulwa eUK. eChina nase Europe nga 1500.
Ngemnyaka wa 1800 alinywa epulazini nasetingadzeni eNingizimu Afrika kepha bekangalinyelwa kutsengiswa kwaze kwaba kucala kwemnyanga wa 1900. Ngemnyaka wa 1910 Piet Cilliers wahambisa sihlahla kusuka eCalifornia wahlanyela likhiwa lentsengo lekucala engadzeni lesepulazini eWellington eWestern Cape. Litiko lemakhiwa libuke emakhiwa lomako kantsi najamu wemakhiwa phindze akhule ngemkhicito wentsengo wajamu bese kukhicitwa kwemakhiwa laluhlata (emakhiwa ebreba).
Emnyakeni wa 2000 kuphela, lokukhicitwa kwemakhiwa lamasha kwentela imakethe yekudla yacala eNingizimu Afrika kanye nekuhanjiswa kuya eUK kanye nase timakehte tase Europe.
Umkhicito weMave Angaphandle weMakhiwa
Ngetulu kwemathani latinkhulungwane tetigidzi temakhiwa akhicitwa ngetulu kwemave lamashumi lasihlanu mhlabawonkhe. Umkhiciti lomkhulu wemakhiwa yi Turkey, lekhoikha lokunganga 26% mhlabawonkhe. Umlimi longuyena yi ‘Bursa Lemnyama’ likhiwa lelikhulu lelimnyama lelincama lelinelishelufa lemphilo lelidze. iTurkey nguyona ikhicita emakhiwa lomile.
Lamanye emave lakhicita emakhiwa yi Egypt, Algeria, Tunisa nase Morocco eAfrika kanjalo ne Syria, iUSA, iBrazil, Spain ne Iran.
Tindzawo Tekukhicita eMakhiwa eNingizimu Afrika
iNingizimu Afrika inemahekitha lamakhulu lamabili nemashumi lamabili nakubili lahlanyele emakhiwa entsengo( ngemnyaka wa 2019).
Lelihlobo lelomile lase Klein Karoo lesendzaweni levulekile nguyona ilungele kuvuna emakhiwa, kepha emakhiwa eNingizimu Afrika ahlanyela etigodzini letehlukahlukene. Loku kufaka indzawo yeSwartland (Porteville, Riebeeck Valley, iMalmesbury ne Hermon), iPaarl, Worcester, Naiper, lese Overberg nase Klein Karoo (indzawo ye Kammanassie ledvute ne Oudtshoorn ne Prince Albert).
Lelidolobha le Bonnievale likhokha emakhiwa laluhlata – phindze labitwa ngemakhiwa ebreba – lagcinwako phindze kukhona tinhlanyelo letiseSifundzeni sase North-West dvute ne Rustenburg, Brits nase Magaliesberg.
Lokwetfuliwe lokomile kwe ‘White Genoa’ ne ‘Adam’ tinhlobonhlobo temakhiwa tentiwa ePrince Albert.
Sikhatsi seMkhicito weMakhiwa
Lesikhatsi semakhiwa eNingizimu Afrika sicala ngekuvunwa kwe makhiwa ebreba ngenyanga yeLweti kuya emkhatsini wenyanga yeNgongoni. Emakhiwa eBreba lakhula esikhatsini semagala aphambilini. Tinhlobonhlobo letikhicita lamakhiwa laphangisako yi ‘Adam’’, ‘White Genoa’ ne ‘Dauphine’.
Kuvuna lokungiko kwemakhiwa kucala ngenyanga yaBhimbidvwane kanye ne Ronde de Bordeaux lencane, ekucaleni kwenyanga yaBhimbidvwane – Indlovu lenkhulu, bese iTangier ivuna kusuka ngenyanga yaBhimbidvwane emkhatsini kuya kuNdlovana. Lesikhatsi sigcina nge Parisian, lekuphindze kucale emkhatsini wenyanga yaBhimbidvwane bese kugcina ngenyanga yaMabasa.
Kutsengiswa kweMakhiwa eNingizimu Afrika
Ngekusho kwe Litiko Lwetekulima, nekuDvweba kanye Nemahlatsi (Department if Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries – DAFF) umkhicito lophelele wemakhiwa lamasha eNingizimu Afrika uhambela kumathani lamakhulu lamabili etinkhulungwane ngemnyaka bese lokunye ngu 12% - 13% kuyakhicitwa.
Ngekuya kwa Hortgro, iNingizimu yahambisa emathani lamakhulu lamatsatfu nemashumi lasiphohlongo emakhiwa ngemnyaka wa 2017/18 ngaleso sikhatsi, lokungaba ngu 0.12 % wemakhiwa mhlabawonkhe. Emave labalulekile langiwo emakhiwa aseNingizimu Afrika yi UK, Hong Kong kanye ne Netherlands.
Translated by Phindile Malotana