Ku dyiwa ka makuwa tani hi mihandzu yo tsakama i mhaka leyinga toloveleka swinene, kumbe ya tirhisiwa ya omisiwile kumbe eka jamu, chutneys na desserts. Ya humelerisiwa eka kutlula 50 wa matiko emisaveni hinkwayo, naswona ya kula kahle eka tindzhawu letingana maxelo yo kufumela yatlhela ya oma ya tiko ra Afrika dzonga.
Eka minkarhi nyana leyi hundzeke, makuwa ya muhlovo wo dzwihala yasungule kuva na ndhuma, thekinoloji yo horisa yi antswisile swinene nkarhi lowu ya tshamaka wona endzhaku ka kutshoveriwa ka makuwa yotsakama, naku yisiwa ka makuwa ya Afrika Dzonga ematikweni yan’wana hi xihaha mpfhuka, swihlohletele swinene eka ku xaviseriwa matiko yale handle, eka tinhweti ta November/December kuya eka April/May.
Kuna makete wa kahle swinene wa makuwa lawantsongo kusuka e Afrika Dzonga, ya muxaka wa Evita (Great Parisian), lowu kulaka swinene.
Matimu ya Makuwa
Makuwa yangava ya tumbuluke e Western Asia naswona yanga landzelerisiwa ku tlhelela endzhaku eka malembe yava 5000 B.C. Ya hangalasiwile hi vapfhumba naswona ya tisiwile e UK, China na Europe hi malembe yava 1500s.
Hi malembe yava 1800s aya byariwa e mapurasini xikan’we nale swirhapeni e Afrika Dzonga kambe ayanga byaleriwi kuxavisiwa kuta fikela emasunguleni ya malembe yava 1900s. Hi malembe yava 1910s Piet Cilliers u xavile swimilani swa wona kusuka e California kutani a byala nsimu yosungula ya makuwa yo xavisa e purasini ra Wellington e xifundzheni xa Western Cape. Vuhumelerisi bya makuwa abyi langute eka ku omisa makuwa xikan’we naku endla jamu kutani byi kula swinene eka ku kuhumelerisa jamu yo xavisiwa xikan’we naku endliwa ka makuwa ya rihlaza (breba figs).
Ntsena ekusunguleni ka malembe yava 2000s, vuhumelerisi bya makuwa yotsakama leswaku yata dyiwa e timakete ta Afrika Dzonga kukatsa naku yisiwa ematikweni yava UK na mavhengele yale Europe.
Vuhumelerisi bya Makuwa Emisaveni Hinkwayo
Kutlula kwalomu ka 1 million tonnes ta makuwa ta humelerisiwa eka kutlula 50 wa matiko emisaveni hinkwayo. Tiko nkulu leri humelerisaka swinene makuwa i Turkey, leri humelerisaka kwalomu ka 26% wa vuhumelerisi bya misava hinkwayo. Xibyariwa nkulu i muxaka wa ‘Black Bursa’ lowunga nkuwa wa ntima wolala lowu makuwa yakona ya tshamaka nkarhi woleha endzhaku ka ntshovelo. Turkey hi rona ri humelerisaka ngopfu makuwa yo omisiwa. Matiko yan’wana lawa humelerisaka makuwa i matiko ya Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia na Morocco e Afrika xikan’we na Syria, USA, Brazil, Spain na Iran.
Tindzhawu to Humelerisa Makuwa e Afrika Dzonga
Tiko ra Afrika Dzonga rina 222 hectares ta makuwa lawa yanga byaleriwa ku xavisa vuhumelerisi bya makuwa (2019).
Ximumu lexi kufumelaka xo oma xale ndzhawini ya Klein Karoo xikahle swinene eka ku vupfa ka makuwa, kambe makuwa e Afrika Dzonga ya byariwa eka tindzhawu tohambana hambana. Leswi swikatsa ndzhawu ya Swartland (Porterville, Riebeeck Valley, Malmesbury and Hermon), Paarl, Worcester, Napier e Overberg xikan’we nale Klein Karoo (Ndzhawu ya Kammanassie kusuhi nale Oudtshoorn na Prince Albert).
Doroba ra Bonnievale rihumelerisa makuwa ya rihlaza – lawa ya vuriwaka breba figs – ya nhlayiso naswona kuna swibyariwa swin’wana exifundzheni xa North-West Province kusuhi nale Rustenburg, Brits na Magaliesberg. Ku omisiwa hiku tiyimisela ka tinxaka ta makuwa ta ‘White Genoa’ na ‘Adam’ swi endliwa e Prince Albert.
Nguva ya Vuhumelerisi bya Makuwa
Nguva ya makuwa e Afrika Dzonga yisungula ntshovelo wa makuwa ya breba figs hi November kuya exikarhi ka December. Muxaka wa Breba figs i makuwa lawa ya milaka eka swirhabyani swa nguva leyi hundzeke. Tinxaka leti humelerisaka makuwa hiku hatlisa hi leti ta ‘Adam’, ‘White Genoa’ na ‘Dauphine’.
Ntshovelo nkulu wa makuwa wusungula hi January hi muxaka wa Ronde de Bordeaux, emasunguleni ya Jan - March, kutani kuva na wa Tangier lowu tshoveriwaka kusukela exikarhi ka January kuya eka February. Nguva yi hetisela hi muxaka wa Parisian, lawa ya sungulaka exikarhi ka January kutani yi hela hi April.
Vuxavisi bya Makuwa e Afrika Dzonga
Kuya hi va Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) nhlayo hinkwayo ya vuhumelerisi bya makuwa yotsakama e Afrik Dzonga yi kwalomu ka 2 000 tonnes hi lembe kusukela hi 2013/2014 kuya fika eka 2017/2018. Eka leswi, kwalomu ka 10% ya xavisiwa yarikarhi ya tsakama eka timakete ta Afrika Dzonga xikan’we na 12% - 13% ya lulamisiwa.
Kuya hi Hortgro, Afrika Dzonga ri xavisela matiko yale handle kwalomu ka 380 tons wa makuwa hi nguwa wa 2017/18, kwalomu ka 0.12% wa makuwa ya misava hinkwayo. Matiko lawa ya xaviselaka ngopfu matiko yan’wana hile UK, Hong Kong nale Netherlands.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni