Uhlobo ‘lwamakhiwane atyiwayo’ axhaphakile ukuwatya esandokula ukukhiwa, atyiwa njenge siqhamo esomisiweyo okanye asetyenziswe kwi jam, chutney kunye nezidlo ezimnandi emveni kokutya (dessert). Aveliswa kumazwe amaninzi angapha kwama 50 jikelele, akhula kakuhle kwindawo ezomileyo kodwa ezinobushushu eMzantsi Afrika.
Kutsha nje, amakhiwane amnyama ayanda ukuxhaphaka, indlela zochwephesha zokuwapholisa zinceda okokuba ahlale ithuba elide engonakali, kunye nalawo athi athengiselwe amanye amazwe ahanjiswe ngenqwelo moya, athe anegalelo kwimveliso yentengiso kumazwe angaphandle, kwinyanga ka November /December ukuya ku April/May.
Abathengi bamakhiwane asemancinci abakweli lo Mzantsi Afrika bayanda, bentlobo ezifana na ne Evita.
Imvelaphi ya Makhiwane
Imvelaphi yamakhiwane ilandwa kwelase Western Asia kwaye ingaphinda ilandwe kwiminyaka eminzi yama 5000 B.C. Abakhenkethi babehamba nawo ze aziswa kwelase UK, China ne Europe ngeminyaka yama 1500s.
Kwiminyaka yama 1800s amakhiwane atyalwa kwifama neegadi eMzantsi Afrika kodwa engalinyelwa intengiso de kwaqala iminyaka yama 1900s. Kuthe kwiminyaka yama 1910s uPiet Cilliers wazisa izityalo esuka nazo eCalifornia ze watyala igadi yokuqala yamakhiwane wentengiso kwifama yakhe eWellington, kwiphondo lase Ntshona Koloni. Imveliso yamakhiwane mandulo yayijolise ekuwomiseni nasekwenzeni ijam ze akhula nemveliso yentengiso ye jam nokwenziwa kwamakhiwane aluhlaza.
Kuphela ngeminyaka yama 2000s, imveliso yamakhiwane asematsha bawathengela ukuwatya yaqala kwelo Mzantsi Afrika, ze intengiso kumazwe angaphandle yaqala kwelase UK nakwi ntengiso zase Europe.
Imveliso ya Makhiwane ku Mazwe Jikelele
Ngapha kwesigidi (1 million) yetoni zamakhiwane ziveliswa kumazwe angapha kwamashumi amahlanu (50) kumazwe jikelele. Elona lizwe livelisa amakhiwane kakhulu yi Turkey, yona ivelisa malunga no 26% wemveliso kwilizwe liphela. Esona silimo sawo yi ‘Black Bursa’ ikhiwane elikhulu elimnyama kwisikhumba kwaye elihlala ixesha elide. Ilizwe lase Turkey ikwa lelona lizwe elihamba phambili ekuveliseni amakhiwane omileyo.
Amanye amazwe avelisa amakhiwane yi Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, kunye ne Morocco e-Afrika kwakunye ne Syria, USA, Brazil, Spain ne Iran.
Indawo Ezivelisa Amakhiwane eMzantsi Afrika
Ilizwe lase Mzantsi Afrika line hektare ezingama 222 ezityaliweyo ngenjongo yentengiso kulonyaka (2019).
Isimo sezulu sehlobo elishushu, elomileyo kumandla we arid Klein Karoo lelona lilungileyo ukuvuthiswa amakhiwane, kodwa ke amakhiwane kweli lo Mzantsi Afrika atyalwa kwimimandla eyohlukileyo. Ezindawo ziquka ummandla we Swartland (Porterville, Riebeeck Valley, Malmesbury ne Hermon), Paarl, Worcester, Napier ekumandla we Overberg nakwi Klein Karoo (indawo iKammanassie ekufuphi e Oudtshoorn ne Prince Albert).
Idolophu iBonnievale ivelisa amakhiwane aluhlaza-akwaziwa ngokuba zi breba figs – asetyenziselwa iziqabi kwaye kukho izityalo kwiphondo lase North-West kufuphi ne Rustenberg, Brits, ne Magaliesberg. Ukomiswa okuthe gqolo kwe ‘White Genoa’ e ‘Adam’ zintlobo zamakhiwane zenziwa ePrince Albert.
Ixesha Lemveliso ya Makhiwane
Ixesha lemveliso yamakhiwane kweli lo Mzantsi Afrika liqala ngoku vunwa kwe breba ngenyanga ka November ukuya esiphakathini sika December. Amakhiwane ibreba ngamakhiwane akhula kwizikhondo zexesha lesivuno esidlulileyo. Iintlobo ezivelisa lamakhiwane ngexesha yi ‘Adam’, ‘White Genoa’ ne Dauphine’.
Esona sivuno sikhulu samakhiwane siqala ngenyanga ka January nge Ronde de Bordeaux encinci, ekuqaleni kwenyanga ka January – March, ze yona iTangier ivunwe phakathi ko January ukuya ku February. Ixesha lesivuno liphela nge Parisian, nayo iqala phakathi ku January iphele ekupheleni ku April.
Intengiso Manani ya Makhiwane eMzantsi Afrika
Ngokwe Sebe le Zolimo, Amahlathi nee Ntlanzi (DAFF) imveliso epheleleyo yamakhiwane amatsha eMzantsi Afrika iqikelelwa kuma 2 000 wetoni ngonyaka ukususela ngonyaka ka 2013/2014 ukuya ku 2017/2018. Kuko konke oku malunga ne 10% yamakhiwane athengiselwa iivenkile zentengiso zeli lo Mzantsi Afrika ze enye i12%-13% isetyenziswe ukwenza nantoni na.
Ngokwe Hortgro, ilizwe lo Mzantsi Afrika lithengise iitoni ezingama 380 zamakhiwane ngexesha lesivuno sonyaka ka 2017/18, malunga no 0.12% wamakhiwane elizweni liphela. Awona mazwe angaphandle uMzantsi Afrika othenga kuwo amakhiwane yi UK, Hong Kong, kunye ne Netherlands.
Translated by Zikhona Plaatjie