Kuhlanyelwa kwemakotapeni kulungele simo lesimantana lesikahle lesinelizinga lesimo lesingu 20 kuya ku 25°C.
eNingizimu Afrika, tindzawo letitsite tilungele umkhicito lophakeme wemakotapeni lahlanyelwako, ngaphandle nangabe lesimo selitulu siwalungele. Letitindzawo tifaka sifundza sase Limpopo nase Mpumalanga kanjalo naletinye tincenye letifaka iKwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape kanye ne Western Cape.
Kukhetsa Indzawo Yekuhlanyela emaKotapeni
Kukhetsa inhlanyelo lekahle yemakotapeni kushiyana ikakhulu ngalendlela yemakethe, kufunwa kwawo emakethe, kanye nesimo selitulu epulazini kanye nebukhona bemanti. Tindzawo letitsite tingakhona kumelana nekubandza lokusemkhatsini kantsi ngalokunjalo, lokukhetsa kudzinga kwakhiwa emkhatsini weluhlobo lwesikhumba lesiluhlata-lesincane nalesimunyama. Ngekwengeta, khetsa indzawo yekuhlanyela letofika kucala noma letokhokha muva kwentela kuciniseka kutsi kukhokha lokukhulu ngesikhatsi lokukhona kukalekile.
Kubalulekile kutsenga tintfo letisezingeni tesitjalo lesetivele setiphume lokucinile engadzeni yetitselo.
Kuhlanyelwa KwemaKotapeni
Kubalimi labasha, kubalulekile kukhumbula kutsi tihlahla temakotapeni, kushiyane ngekutsi ngusiphi sitjalo lesesisetjentisiwe, tingatsatsa iminaka lesikhombisa kuya kulelishumi kutsi tikhokhe ngalokuphelele. Tihlahla letihlanganisiwe lesisuselwe endzaweni yetitselo tivame kukhokha inhlanyelo yato lencane yekucala ngemnyaka wesitsatfu ngemuva kwekuhlanyelwa.
Emakotapeni entakahle emhlabatsini lona 20 kuya ku 40% walokutfwele libumba kepha adzinga umhlabatsi locengeke kahle kwentela kugadz noma kunaka kubola kwetimphandze, lokuvame kubangwa magciwane ePhytophthora cinnamomi. Kuhlolisiswa kahle kwemhlabatsi ngaphambi kwekuhlanyela kungakhomba lokungalungi lokungalungiswa ngesikhati sekuhlanyela.
Kuhlanyela ngelibanga kungashiyana ngendlela yekuhluma kwenhlanyelo. Kufana nekutsi, iFuerte ingakhokha lokukhulu phindze isakate kuhluma, ibe iHass ihluma ngekucondza. Ngekwengeta lapho, kuma kwengadze yetitselo kutoshiyana ngekuma kanye naletinye tindlela, kufana nekutsi nomangabe ime yakhomba enyakatfo noma empumalanga, lenhlono yalomhlabatsi, emalungiselelo ekuncutsa kanjalo nekuvumela imishini. Kukhona umnyakato ngekuya ekweneni imingcingcima ngesikhatsi kulungiselelwa lomhlabatsi kwentela inhlanyelo lensha, kepha loku kushiyana ngebukhona bemali kanye nenhlobo yemhlabatsi.
Kunakekelwa kweNgadze yeMakotapeni
Indlela yekuhlanyela kumkhicito wemakotapeni ingashiyana ngetindlela letiningana letehlukene njengamenjeni kanye neluhlobo lwekunakekela, linani lwekusebenta kwentsengo kanye nebukhona bemali. Letinye tindlela tekunakekela tifaka kunisela, kuncutsa, kanye nekufaka manyolo. Letinye tindlela tiyavalwa ngaphansi.
Tihlahla temakotapeni tiyincelencele etimeni tekukhungeka kwemanti kanjalo nasetinkingeni tesomiso kantsi nekunisela kumele kunakekelwe kwentela kuvikela kumbe letitintfo letecile. Ngendzaba yesimo lesiyingoti semanti, kunisela kugcwale akucwayiswa. Kunisela kancane kuyasetjentiswa kakhulu phindze kukhona umnyakato locinile loshona ngekunisela ngematfonsi ngenca yekusebenta kahle kwemanti.
Kuncutsa kuyadzingeka ebusika ngemuva kwekuvuna futsi kungalandzelwa ngekuncutsa kancane phindze ehlobo. Tindlela tekuncutsa tiyahluka kusuka ngenhlanyelo kuya kunhlanyelo.
Ngesikhatsi emagala lamakhulu acondze elangeni njengemphumela wekuncutsa, kumele avikeleke kutsi angashiswa lilanga ngekutsi afakwe pende we PVA noma pende lowakhelwe kuvikela elangeni.
Kufakwa manyolo kwemakotapeni kungashiyana ngemphumela wemhlabatsi kanye nekuhlolwa kwemacembe esitjalo. Emanutrients lamancane ladzingekako angafaka initrogen, iphosphorus, ipotassium, isulphur, icalcium kanye magnesium. Emanutrients lamancane ladzingekako tintfo letifana ne boron, zinc, copper, isodium, iron, kanye ne manganese. Titjalo letivalwako tingasetjentiswa kwentela kunika inombolo yetinhlobo letehlukene yetintfo letiphilako kulengadze yetitselo kwentela kugcugcutela badly bendalo, kuvikela kulahleka kwebumantana nekushisa kancane kusuka emhlabatsini phindze nekwakha emacembe noma tjani lobufile kwentela kuvala sitjalo.
Emakotapeni akavundziswa ngumoya phindze adzinga kufakelwa kwekwentiwa kwekuvundzisa kwentela kunika kuhleleka kwesitselo. Umkhandlo Welucwalingo lweteKulima (Agricultural Research Council – ARC) kukhetsa kubili kuya kukukune kwemacembu etinyosi kuhekitha linye kwentela kusebenta kahle kwekuvundziswa kwemakotapeni.
Emagciwane neTilwanyana TemaKotapeni
Kubola kwetimphandze lokubangwa yi Phytophthora cinnamomi kuvela etingadzeni tetitselo mhlabawonkhe. eNingizimu Afrika, ngusinye semagciwane lesihlasela tihlahla temakotapeni. Timphawu tifaka bumtfubanyana kanye nekuwa kwemacembe kanye nekubamnyama betimphandze. iAnthracnose yemakotapeni ngulesinye sifo lesatiwako lesibanga emabala ekubola enyameni yesitselo lesivutsiwe.
Lenye indlela ye Phytophthora ibanga kuphuka kumahlanga etihlahla temakotapeni. Libala le Cercospora libangwa ligciwane le Pseudocercospora purpurea, lekubanga kuvela kwemabala emakoneni emacembe kanye nemala lansundvu kulesitselo.
Lesikali senhlitiyo lesheyiphile sivama kubasicansucansu kunhlanyelo ye Hass futsi sitsi lesitselo nasindiza kanye nemavivane lamosha sitselo semakotapeni, kugadzeka kwao kungabekelwa kugcina kuvela kwesitselo. Ingadze yemakotapeni aseNingizimu Afrika akanato tilwanyana ngenca yekugadvwa kwekufundwa kwemhlaba netitjalo tilwanyana tendalo letititsa. Kusetjentiswa kwemakhemikhali labulala tilwanyana etingadzeni temakotapeni kuvame kukaleka kwentela kufutfwa kutilwane letindizako etitselweni phindze umangabe lokusetjentiswa kwemakhemikhali kudzingeka. Bahlanyeli bemakotapeni bayakhutsatwa kutsi basebentise emachinga ekunakekela imuhlwa (Intergrated pest management – IMP).
Translated by Phindile Malotana