Ku rimiwa ka ma avocado swiva kahle eka maxelo yotsakama ya subtropical laha maxelo yanga kwalomu ka mahiselo ya 20 kuya eka 25℃.
E Afrika Dzonga, tindzhawu tinwana tilulamerile swinene eka vurimi bya ma avocado, ntsena loko maxelo ya lulamerile. Tindzhawu leti tikatsa eka swifundzha swa Limpopo na Mpumalanga xikan’we na swiphemu swin’wana swa KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern, na Western Cape.
Ku Hlawula Muxaka wa ma-Avocado
Ku hlawula muxava lowu lulameleke wa ma avocado swiya hi maxaviselo, swilaveko swa ti makete, xikan’we na maxelo na kukumeka ka mati e purasini. Tinxaka tin’wana tinga kondzelela maxelo yale xikarhi yotitimela lawa yavaka na gwitsi minkarhi yin’wana. Kutlhela kuva na tinxaka tin’wana leti lavekaka ngopfu eka timakete tale handle na ta laha kaya naswona hikokwalaho ka sweswo, kuhlawula swifanele ku endliwa exikarhi ka lawa ya nhlonge ya ntima kumbe ya rihlaza. Ku engetelela kwalano, hlawula muxaka lowungatava wo hatlisa kuva na mihandzu kumbe lowungata hlwela kutiyisisa leswaku mphakelo lowukulu loko mihandzu yikala.
Swina nkoka swinene ku xava khwalithi ya kahle swinene ya swimilani leswinga byariwa kusuka eka vaxavisi lava tivekaka.
Ku Byariwa ka ma-Avocado
Eka van’wamapurasi lavantshwa, swina nkoka kutsundzuka leswaku misinya ya ma avocado, kuya hiku kutirhisiwa muxaka wihi, swinga teka kwalomu ka 7 kuya eka 10 wa malembe kuva yisungula ku humelerisa mihandzu. Misinya leyi hlanganisiweke kusuka eka ti nursery leti tivekaka hi xitalo tiva na mihandzu leyintsongo yosungula eka lembe ra vunharhu ra vutomi bya wona.
Ma avocado ya tirha kahle eka misava leyingana nhlayo ya 20 kuya eka 40% ya vukona bya vumba kambe ya lava misava leyi tswongaka mati kahle ku lawula ku bola ka timintsu, leswi talaka ku vangiwa hi fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi. Ndzavisiso wa kahle wa misava loko kunga se byariwa wuta komba leswi xotaka leswinga lulamisiwaka hinkarhi wo byala.
Xipesi exikarhi ka swimilani xitaya hi makulelo ya muxaka lwou byariwaka. Xikombiso, Fuerte yi kombisa kukula naku tlhuma, loko Hass wukula wuya ehenhla. Kuyisa emahlweni, matshamelo ya nsimu yitaya yi kuvoyama xikan’we na swin’wana, kufana nakuva yi langute e n’walungwini kumbe evuhuma dyambu, muxaka wa misava, ku tsemetiwa xikan’we naku fikeleriwa hi michini. Kuna maendlelo ya ridging loko ku lulamisiwa misava ya swibyariwa swintshwa, kambe leswi swiya hi vukona bya timali na muxaka wa misava.
Vulawuri bya Swirhapa swa ma-Avocado
Mapurasi lawa humelerisaka ma avocado yataya hi swilo swokarhi kufana na murhangeri, ndlela ya vufambisi, vukulu bya purasi xikan’we na mali leyinga kona. Swin’wana swa vulawuri swikatsa ncheleto, ku tsemetiwa naku nonisiwa ka misava. Swin’wana swa swona hileswi laha hansi.
Misinya ya ma avocado ayi tsakeli swiyimo swakuva misava yitele mati xikan’we na ntshikelelo wa dyandza naswona ncheleto wufanele ku lawuriwa ku papalatakuva swiyimo leswi swihundza mpimo. Hikokwalaho ka xiyimo xa mati laha AfrikaDzonga, kuva mati ya cheleta ya khuluka aswi hlohleteriwi. Ncheleto wa micro-jet wutirhisiwa ngopfu naswona kuna magoza yakulu yaku tirhisa ncheleto wa drip hikwalaho ka leswi yitirhisaka mati kahle.
Ku tsemetiwa swa laveka hi xixika endzhaku ka ntshovelo laha kutsemetiwaka kantsongo hi ximumu. Tindlela to tsemeta ti hambana kuya hi tinxaka ta swibyariwa.
Loko marhavi yankoka ya langutane na dyambu ngopfu endzhaku ko tsemeta ya fanele ku sirheleriwa eka kutshwa hikuva ku totiwa pende ya PVA kumbe ku pendiwa laha kutshwaka kona.
Ku nonisiwa ka ma avocado switaya hi mbuyelo wa ndzavisiso wa misava na foliar. Swakudya leswi lavekaka swinga katsa nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, calcium na magnesium. Kasi ti micronutrients leti lavekaka tikatsa boron, zinc, copper, sodium, iron, na manganese. Swimilani swo engetelela swinga tirhisiwa kuva kuri na swibyariwa swohambana hambana e xirhapeni ku hlohletela valala vantumbuluko, ku sivela kulahleka ka ndzhongho emisaveni naswona kunga tirhisiwa swondlalela swa ntumbuluko.
Ma avocado aya endliwi pollination hi moya naswona ya lava kuva ya cheriwa pollen hi matimba leswaku yita kota ku veka mihandzu. Va Agricultural Research Council (ARC) va hlohletela leswaku kuva na mabaku ya mbirhi kuya eka mune ya tinyoxi hi hectare leswaku kutava na pollination leyi tirhaka ya ma avocado.
Switsotswana na Mavabyi yama-Avocado
Ku bola ka timintsu swivangiwa hi Phytophthora cinnamomi leswi humelelaka eka tinsimu ta ma avocado emisaveni hinkwayo. E Afrika Dzonga, i mavbabyi yari woxe lawa ya karhataka misinya ya ma avocado. Swikoweto swikatsa kuva matluka yava xitshopani nakuwa ka matluka xikan’we nakuva timintsu tiva ta ntima. Anthracnose eka ma avocado i yan’wana mavabyi lawa yanga tala lawa ya vangaka swicoti coti eka mihandzu leyi vupfeke.
Xivumbeko xin’wana xa Phytophthora xivanga mavabyi ya tshindi eka misinya ya ma avocado. Cercospora spot yi vangiwa hi fungi Pseudocercospora purpurea, leyi vangaka swicoti coti eka matluka na swicoti coti swa buraweni eka muhandzu.
Lawa ya xivumbeko xa mbiliu xikarhata swinene eka muxaka wa Hass naswona loko fruit fly na false codling moth swi onha mihandzu ya avocado, vulawuri bya swona byinga kongomisiwa eka ku hlayisa ndlela leyi muhandzu wu vonakisaka xiswona ehandle. Tinsimu ta ma avocado e Afrika Dzonga titala kuva tingari na switsotswana hikokwalaho ka vulawuri bya ntumbuluko laha switswotswana leswinga valala swilawulanaka hiswoxe. Kutirhisiwa ka swidlaya switsotswana eka tinsimu ta ma avocado swihelela ntsena eka ti bait sprays leti lwisanaka na fruit fly naswona loko ku tirhisiwa ka ti khemikali swilaveka. Vabyari va ma avocado va hlohleteriwa ku tirhisa vuthekiniki bya integrated pest management (IPM).
Translated by Ike Ngobeni