Ulimo lwe avocado lulungele imozulu ezitshisayo, kunye namaqondo obushushu obungama 20-25℃ mihla le. Kwilizwe loMzantsi Afrika, iingingqi ezithile zilulungele ulimo oluphezulu lwe avocado. Oku ke kwenzeka ukuba imozulu zilungele ulimo lwe avocado. Ezi ngingqi ziquka amaPhondo ase Limpopo kunye ne Mpumalanga, kwakunye neendawo ezithile zamaPhondo aKwaZulu Natala, eNtshona kunye nase Mpuma Koloni.
Ukukhetha Iindidi zeMithi yeAvocado
Ukukhetha indidi yomthi we avocado efanelekileyo kuxhomekeka kakhulu kwiqhinga lentengiso kwakunye nezidingo zabathengi, kwakunye nakwi mozulu yendawo ekuyo ifama leyo kunye nokufumaneka kwamanzi.
Iindidi ezithile zingakwazi ukumelana nengqele engephi kunye neqabaka ewa ngamaxesha ambalwa. Ngokufanayo, ezinye iindidi zifunwa kakhulu kwintengiso yamazwe angaphandle okanye kubemi belizwe, ngoko ke, kufanele kukhethwe phakathi kweendidi ezinamaxoloo aluhlaza kunye namaxolo amnyama. Ngaphezulu, khetha indidi ezakuthwala isiqhamo kwasinya okanye ekupheleni kwexesha lesivuno, ukuqinisekisa ukuba kuhlala kukho isivuno.
Kubalulekile ukuthenga izityalo eziku mgangatho ophezulu, nosele uqiniswe zii nursery/ iindawo ethengisa izityalo enegama elihle.
Ukulinywa kwe Avocado
Kuma fama amatsha, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba imithi ye avocado, phofu ngokuxhomekeke kwintlobo yesityalo esetyenzisiweyo, ingathatha iminyaka esi 7 ukuya kweli 10 ukuze ivelise iziqhamo ngokugqibeleleyo. Imithi exokonyezelelweyo/ehlonyelweyo/ grafted ethengwe kwi nursery ethembekileyo ivamise ukuthwala isiqhamo sokuqala esincinance kunyaka wesithathu emva kokutyalwa.
Ii-avocado zikhula kakuhle kwimihlaba enodongwe olubalelwa kwi 20% ukuya kuma 40%, kodwa zidinga imihlaba ekwaziyo ukufunxwa amanzi, ukuze kuthintelwe ukubola kwee ngcambu, nokuye kubangelwe kukungunda okubizwa nge Phytophthora cinnamomi. Uhlolo olugqibeleleyo lomhlaba ngaphambi kokutyala luza kubonisa izidingo zomhlaba nezinokulungiswa ngaphambi kokutyala.
Ukuqelelana kwezityalo kuza kuxhomekeka kwindlela ezikhula ngayi iindidi ezo zezityalo. Umzekelo, iFuerte inokunwenwa ibengumthi omkhulu, logama iHass ikhula ibheke phezulu. Ngaphezulu, ubume bentsimi buxhomekeka kubumqengqelezi kunye nezinye izinto ezifana nokuba izakujonga emantla okanye entshona na. Indidi yomhlaba kwakunye nemitshini eza kusetyenziswa nayo iya balwa xa kuhlelwa uqelelwaniso lwezityalo. Kukho utshintsho olubhekisele ekuphethulweni lomhlaba xa kulungiswa umhlaba wokutyala izityalo ezitsha, kodwa oku kuxhomekeka kwi mali ekhoyo, izixhobo kunye nendidi yomhlaba.
Ulawulo Lwe Ntsimi yeAvocado
Indlela yokulimo kwimveliso ye avocado ixhomekeka kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana nomphathi kunye nendlela aphatha ngayo, umlinganiselo wentsimi yentengiso kunye nemali nemitshini ekhoyo. Ezinye indlela zolawulo ziquka unkcenkceshelo, ukuthena kunye nokuchumisa. I Ezinye zezindlela zikhankanyiwe apha ngezantsi. Imithi ye avocado inochuku phantsi kweemeko zemihlaba edame amanzi, nakuxinzelelo lwe mbalela. Unkcenkceshelo kufuneka lulawulwe ukuze kuthintelwe ezi ngxaki. Ngenxa yemeko yase Mzantsi Afrika esenokuba nobungozi, ukunkcenkceshela ngamandla akulunganga.
Kusetyenziswa kakhulu uhlobo lo nkcenkceshelo olubizwa nge micro-jet irrigation, kwaye sele kusondelelwa kusetyenziswa kwi drip irrigation ngenxa yendlela enkcenkceshela kakuhle ngaye.Kufanele imithi ithenwe ngexesha lase busika, emva kokuvunwa. Kungaphindwa kuthenwe nje kancinci ehlotyeni. Iindlela zokuthena ziyaxhomekeka ngokwendidi leyo yomthi we avocado.
Xa amasebe angawona makhulu evele elangeni, ngenxa yokuthena, kufuneka akhuselwe ekutshisweni lilanga ngokuqaba ipeyinti ye PVA okanye kuqatywe ipeynti eyenzwelwe ukukhusela ingqatsini yelanga.
Ukuchunyiswa kwee avocado kwixhomekeka kwiziphumo zohlolo lomhlaba nolwe foliar. Iimacronutrients ezidingekayo zisenokuquka initrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, calcium kunye ne magnesium. iiMicronutrients ezidingekayo zizinto ezifana ne boron, zinc, copper, sodium, iron, kunye ne manganese. Izityalo zokugquma zingasetyenziswa ukuzisa izinambuzane ezilungileyo kwizityalo nokukhusela ilahleko yamanzi emhlabeni,
Imbewu ye avocado ayinwenwiswa (pollinate) ngumoya kwaye idinga ukuba kufakwe ipollen ukuze iziqhamo zibe nokukhula ngendlela. Ikhansila ebizwa nge Agricultural Research Council (ARC) icebisa ukusetyenziswa kwee koloni ezimbini okanye ezine zee nyosi kwi hekthare ngante ukuze iziqhamo ze avocado zikhule ngendlela.
Izonakalisi Kunye neZifo zeeAvocado
Ukubola kwengcambu okubangelwa yi Phytophthora cinnamomi, kuhlasela iintsimi ye avocado kwi hlabathi lonke jikelele. Kwilizwe loMzantsi Afrika, esi sifo sesinye sezona zifo ezihlasela imithi ye avocado. Iimpawu ziquka ukujika kwamagqabi abe tyheli ze awe kwakunye nokuma mnyama kwee ngcambu. I-Anthracnose ye avocado sesinye sizifo ezixhaphakileyo esibangela amabala abolileyo kwisiqhamo esivuthiweyo.
Enye indidi ye Phytophthora ibangela ukubola kweziqu zemithi ye avocado. Amachokoza okubola kwe Cercospora kubangelwa kukungunda kwe Pseudocercospora purpurea, neye ibangele amachokoza kumagqabi kunye namachokoza amancinci amdaka kwisiqhamo.
Iqweqwe elimile okwe ntliziyo lithanda ukuhlasela kakhulu indidi ye Hass, kwaye logama impukane yesiqhamo kunye nombungu obizwa nge false codling moth zisonakalisa isiqhamo se avocado, ulawulo lwaso lunga joliswa ekugcineni inkangeleko yangaphandle yesiqhamo. Iintsimi ze avocado zase Mzantsi Afrika azifane zibenazo izonakalisi eziyingozi ngenxa yolawulo lwendalo zezinye izonakalisi. Ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali zonakalisi kwintsimi ye avocado iphelela kwizitshizi zempukane zeziqhamo. Kusenokusetyenziswa ne khemikhali ukuba sikhona isidingo. Abalimi bee avocado bayakhuthazwa ukuba basebenzise iindlela zokulwa/nokulawula izonakalisi ezibizwa nge integrated pest management (IPM).
Translated by Zizipho Silwana