Iintjalo zama-avocado zifaneleka kobana zingatjalwa etlayimedini e-subtropical lapha amazinga womtjhiso ahlangana kwe-20 ukuya ku-25℃.
E-Sewula Africa, iindawo ezithize zifaneleka kobana zingatjalwa ama-avocado, kwaphela nange itlayimedi yazo ikuvumela lokho. Hlangana kwendawezi kubalwa isifunda seLimpopo kanye neseMpumalanga kanye nezinye iincenye zaKwaZulu-Natal, Eastern, kanye ne-Western Cape.
Ukukhetha Iintjalo Zama-Avocado
Ukukhetha iintjalo ezifanelekileko zama-avocado kuya ngokobana iindlela zokuwathengisa zinjani, nokobana iimaraga zifuna anjani, begodu nokobana itlayimedi yeplasini injani kanye nokobana amanzi akhona na. Ezinye iintjalo zawo, zirhona ukujamelana nobujamo bezulu obumakhaza kanye nombethe. Ngokufanako, ezinye iintjalo zawo zifunelwa khulu kobana zithuthelwe eenarheni ezingaphandle nanyana kobana zithengiswe eemarageni zenarha le, njeke kufuneka kobana ukhethe kobana ufuna yiphi hlangana kweneskhumba esihlaza satjani kanye nomhlobo oneskhumba esinzima. Kungezelela, ukhetha umhlobo westjalwesi ozukulungela ukudliwa msinya nanyana lada ukuqiniseka kobana tuba nomkhiqizo omnengi lokha nasele umkhiqizo wayo utlhogakala.
Kuqakathekile kobana uthenge ikhwalithi ehle yemethiriyali yestjalo esele siqinile ku-nursary ethembekileko.
Ukutjalwa Kwama-Avocado
Ebatjalini abatjha kuqakathekile ukukhumbula kobana imithi yama-avocado, okuya ngokobana itjalwe ngemethiriyai enjani, ingathatha iminyaka elikhomba ukuya kwelisumi ukuthela. Imithi ethethwe kweminye etjalwe e-nursery ethembekileko ithela iintjalo zayo zokuthoma emnyakeni wesithathu ngemva kokobana utjaliwe.
I-avocado iba yihle ehlabathi enedaka eliyi-20 ukuya ku-40% kodwana itlhoga ihlabathi ekhipha kuhle amanzi ukutlhogomela kobana imirabhu ingaboli, okuvamise koaban kubangwe zinkowani ezibizwa bona yi-Phytophthora cinnamomi. Ukuhlolwa kuhle kwehlabathi ngaphambi kokobana kutjalwe kiyo kuzokutjengisa bona ihlabathi itlhogani, lokho kulungiswe ngaphambi kokobana kutjalwe kiyo.
Iinkhundla ozitjhiya nawuyitjalako zizokuya ngokobana istjalo sayo sikhula kangangani. Ukwenza isibonelo, i-Fuerte ingakhula ibe yikulu, lokha i-Hass ikhula iyaphezulu. Ukudlula lapho, amasimu wayo aya ngokobana akhuphukela kangangani, kobana aqale epumalanga nanyana etjingalanga, umhlobo wehlabathi kanye nokobana usebenzisa imitjhini na. Kwesinye isikhathi ngaphambi kokobana itjalwe kulungiswa ihlabathi ngokobana yenziwe i-ridge ngaphambi kokobana kutjalwe iintjalo ezitja, kodwana lokhu kuya ngokobana imali yokwenza lokhu ikhona na kanye nomhlobo wehlabathi.
Ukutlhogonyelwa Kwesimu Yama-Avocado
Ukulinywa kwama-avocado kuya ngamafektha ahlukahlukeneko afana nokutlhogonyelwa kwayo kanye nendlela yokuyitlhogomela, ubukhulu bendawo etjalwe kiyo kanye nokobana imali yokwenza lokho ikhona na. Ezinye iindlela zokuyitlhogomela zifaka hlangana ukuyithelelela, ukuyipruna kanye nokuyivundisa. Ezinye iindlela zitlolwe ngaphasi.
Imithi ye-avocado iyazwela lokha nayitjalwe ehlabathini ezele amanzi, nalokha nayingatholi kuhle amanzi, begodu lokha nayithelelelwako kufanele kutlhogonyelwe ukukhandela kobana kungafakwa amanzi khulu. Ngebanga lokobana iSewula Africa itlhoga amanzi, ukobana ithelelelewe nge-flood irrigation akusisiyeleliso esihle. I-micro-jet irrigation isetjenziswa khulu nakuthelelelwa iintjalwezi, begodu sele abanye basebenzisa i-drip irrigation ngebanga lokobana yonga amanzi.
Kutlhogeka kobana ipruniwe ebusika ngemva kokuyivuna, kulandele ngokobana ipruniwe godu ehlobo. Iindlela zokuyipruna ziyahluka okuya ngokobana utjale umhlobo bani wayo.
Lokha amagatja amakhulu avela elangeni ngebanga lokobana ipruniwe, kufanela avikelwe ekutheni angatjhiswa lilanga ngokobana afakwe ipende ye-PVA nanyana, ipende eyenzelwe ukukhandela kobana ingatjhiswa lilanga.
Ukuvundiswa kwama-avocado kuzokuya ngokobana imiphumela wokuhlolwa kwehlabathi kanye ne-foliar ithini. Izakhimzimba zayo zifaka hlangana i-nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, calcium kanye ne-magnesium. Izakhimzimba ezitlhogekako ngezifaka hlangana i-boron, zinc, copper, sodium, iron, kanye ne-manganese. Vala iintjalo ukuletha i-biodiversity esimini ukugcugcuzela kobana zingadliwa zinlwane zemvelo ezizumako, ukukhandela kobana ingalobi ubuswe ehlabathini nokobana yenze iinjalo zemvelo ezivala ihlabathi.
Ama-avocado akhapholinethiwa mumoya begodu atlhoga kobana i-pollen isuswe kiyo ukobana irhone ukumila kuhle iinthelo. Ihlangano yezelimo i-Agricultural Research Council (ARC), iphakamisa kobana kube nendleke zenyosi ezimbili ukuya kwezine ehekuthareni ngayinye ukobana irhone ukupholinetheka.
Intjhabalalisi Kanye Namalwelwe Wama-Avocado
Ukubola kwentjalo okubangwa yi-Phytophthora cinnamomi kwenzeka emasimini we-avocado ephasini loke. Isewula-Africa ngobunye ubulwelwe obubamba imithi yama-avocado. Amatjhwayo wayo afaka hlangana ukuwa kwamakari, abesarulana ngombala kanye nokutjhuguluka kombala wemirabhu ibenzima. I-Anthracnose yama-avocado ngobunye ubulwelwe bama-avocado obujwayelekileko, obubanga amatjhatjhazi abolileko esthelweni se-avocado esele sivuthiwe.
Omunye umhlobo we-Phytophthora ubanga kobana isiqu semithi yama-avocado sibe nenlonda. I-Cercospora spot ibangwa zinkowani ze-Pseudocercospora purpurea, ebanga amatjhatjhazi emakarini kanye namatjhatjhazi amancani anzotho ngombala esthelweni.
Itjhatjhazi elakheke njengehliziyo limraro emhlobeni we-avocado i-hass, lokha iimpukani zama-avocado kanye ne-codling moth zona iinthelo zama-avocado, ukulawulwa kwazo kungancotjhiswa ekutlhogomeleni indlela iintjalo eziqaleka ngayo ngaphandle. Amasimu wama-avocado we-Sewula Africa akanazo iintjhabalalisi ezithusa khulu ngebanga lokulawulwa kwazo ngebhawuloji, okwenziwa manaba wemvelo ezinunwana. Ukusetjenziswa kwembulali zenunwana emasimini wama-avocado kuvamise kobana kusetjenziswe iimpreyi ezikhandela iimpukani zenthelo nange kunetlhogakalo yokobana kusetjenziswe amakhemikhali. Abatjali bama-avocado bagcugcuzelwa kobana basebenzise iindlela ze-integrated pest management (IPM).
Translated by Busisiwe Prudance Skhosana