Ukulima i-Avocado kulungele kangcono isimo sezulu esinomswakama esimaphakathi nesilinganiso sokushisa sansuku zonke sama-20 kuye kwangama-25℃.
ENingizimu Afrika, izindawo ezithile zilungele ukulima kukhiqiza ukwatapheya ongcono kakhulu, inqobo nje uma izimo zezulu zilungile. Lezi zindawo zifaka izifundazwe zaseLimpopo naseMpumalanga kanye nezindawo ezithile zaKwaZulu-Natali, iMpumalanga kanye neWestern Cape.
Ukukhetha Izinhlobo zama Avocado
Ukukhetha i-avocado efanelekile kuncike kakhulu kusu lokumaketha, izimakethe, kanye nesimo sezulu sefamu kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi. Izinhlobo ezithile zingamelana nesithwathwa esilinganisayo nesibanda ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngokufanayo, ezinye izimila zifunwa kakhulu ukuthengisa noma izimakethe zasendaweni futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukukhetha kufanele kwenziwe phakathi kwezinhlobo ezinombala oluhlaza okotshani nokuhlaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, khetha i-cultivar ezoba ukuthwala kusenesikhathi noma sekwephuzile ukuqinisekisa ukulethwa okukhulu lapho ukutholakala kunqunyelwe.
Kubalulekile ukuthenga izinto ezisezingeni eliphakeme zezitshalo esezenziwe lukhuni kusuka kunkulisa ezinedumela elihle.
Ukutshala kwe-Avocado
Kubalimi abasha, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi izihlahla ze-avocado, ngokuya ngokuthi isetshenziselwe kuphi izitshalo, zingathatha iminyaka eyisikhombisa kuya kweyishumi ukukhiqiza ngokugcwele. Izihlahla ezixhunyiwe zitholakala kusuka enkulisa edumile zivame ukuthwala isivuno sazo sokuqala ngonyaka wesithathu emva kokutshala.
Ama-Avocados enza kahle enhlabathini enobumba lobumba olungama-20 kuye kwangama-40% kepha adinga inhlabathi ekhishwa kahle ukuphatha ukubola kwezimpande, okuvame ukubangelwa yi-fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi. Ukuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokutshala kuzokhombisa ukushiyeka okungalungiswa ngesikhathi sokutshala.
Ukutshala ibanga kuzoncika kumkhuba wokukhula kwezilimo. Isibonelo, iFuerte ingabonisa ukukhula okukhulu nokusabalalisa, kanti uHass ungumlimi oqondile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa kwezihlahla zezithelo kuzoncika emthambekeni nakwezinye izinto, njengokuthi kungasenyakatho noma kubheke empumalanga, uhlobo lomhlabathi, izindlela zokuncipha kanye nokufinyelela kwemishini. Kukhona ukugudluzela ekuhlelekeni lapho ulungiselela inhlabathi yokutshala okusha, kepha lokhu kuya ngokutholakala kwemali eningi nohlobo lomhlabathi.
Ukuphathwa Kwengadi ye-Avocado
Imisebenzi yokulima ekwakhiweni kwe-avocado izoncika ezintweni ezahlukahlukene ezinjengomphathi nesitayela sokuphatha, usayizi wokusebenza okuthengiswayo kanye nenhlokodolobha ekhona. Ezinye zezenzo zokuphatha zifaka ukunisela, ukuchelela kanye nokufaka umanyolo. Izenzo ezithile zimbozwe ngezansi.
Izihlahla ze-Avocado ziyazwela izimo ezithwelwe amanzi futhi nokucindezela kwesomiso nokunisela kufanele kuphathwe ukugwema noma yikuphi kwalokhu okweqisa. Ngenxa yesimo samanzi esiyingozi saseNingizimu Afrika, ukunisela ngezikhukhula akucelwanga. I-Micro-jet irrigation isetshenziswa kabanzi futhi kukhona ukuhamba okuqinile kokunisela ngokudonsa ngenxa yokusebenza kwamanzi kahle.
Ukuthena kuyadingeka ebusika ngemuva kokuvunwa futhi kungalandelwa ngokuthena okulula futhi ehlobo. Izindlela zokuthena izinhlobonhlobo ziyahlukahluka kusuka ku-cultivar kuya ku-cultivar.
Lapho amagatsha amakhulu evezwa ukukhanya kwelanga ngenxa yokuthena, kufanele avikeleke ekushisweni yilanga ngokusetshenziswa ngopende we-PVA noma upende owenzelwe ngqo ukuvikelwa yilanga.
Ukufakwa kwama-avocados kuzoncika emiphumeleni yokuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi kanye ne-foliar. Ama-macronutrients adingekayo angafaka i-nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, isibabule, calcium ne-magnesium. Ama-micronutrients adingekayo yizinto ezifana ne-boron, i-zinc, yethusi, i-sodium, i-iron, kanye ne-manganese. Izilimo ezimboziwe zingasetshenziswa ukuhlinzeka ngezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo engadini yezithelo ukukhuthaza izinyamazane zemvelo, ukuvikela ukulahleka komswakama enhlabathini nokwakha i-mulch yemvelo.
Ama-Avocados awaholi impova yomoya futhi adinga ukudluliselwa okusebenzayo kwempova ukuhlinzekela ukusethwa kwezithelo okusebenzayo. UMkhandlu Wezolimo Wocwaningo (i-Arc) utusa izinyosi ezimbili kuya kwezine ngehektha ngalinye ukuze kusetshenziswe ukungcola okwenziwe nge-avocado ngempumelelo.
Izinambuzane Nezifo ze-Avocado
Ukubola kwezimpande okubangelwa i-Phytophthora cinnamomi kwenzeka ema-orcards ezithelo emhlabeni wonke. ENingizimu Afrika, ngesinye sezifo eziphambili ezithinta izihlahla ze-avocado. Izimpawu zifaka i-yellowing kanye nokuwa kwamaqabunga kanye nokwenza mnyama kwezimpande. I-Anthracnose ye-avocado ngesinye isifo esivamile esibangela amabala ebolile enyameni yezithelo ezivuthiwe.
Enye indlela ye-Phytophthora ebanga izihlahla zezihlahla ze-avocado. Indawo yeCercospora ibangelwa isikhunta iPseudocercospora purpurea, esidala amabala avela ngamaqabunga kanye namabala amancane ansundu ezitsheni.
Isikali esidwebile inhliziyo siyinkinga ethile ku-Hassar futhi ngenkathi izithelo zindiza kanye ne-moth codling moth ukulimaza izithelo ukwatapheya, ukulawula kwabo kungahle kuhloswe ukugcina ukubukeka kwangaphandle kwezithelo. Izithelo zemvelo zase-avocado zaseNingizimu Afrika azinazo izilokazane ezinamandla ngenxa yokulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo yizitha zezinambuzane zemvelo. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-insecticides ezihlahleni ze-avocado kuvunyelwe ikakhulukazi ukufafazwa kwe-bait ngokumelene nezithelo fly futhi uma ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali kuyadingeka. Abatshali be-Avocado bakhuthazwa ukuba basebenzise amasu ahlanganisiwe wokuphathwa kwezinambuzane (IPM).
Translated by Nsika Khoza