Indlela zokutlhogomela ukutjalwa kwama-litjhi ziya ngokobana indlela ozisebenzisako zokuwatjala zinjani. Ubudisi bokuwatjala, nobesitjalo sawo. Lokhu kungafaka hlangana ukuwavundisa, ukuwathelelela, ukuwapruna, ukuvikela iintjalo zawo kanye nokuwalapha nge-sulphur ndioxide ngemva kokuwalapha.
Iinluleko ezingezelelweko zingatholakala ngokoba ujoyine isiqhema sokufunda nakumyeleliso wezelimo othembekileko. Ihlangano yabatjali bama-litjhi i-The South African Litchi Growers’ Association (SALGA) isekela beyitlhogomela umkhiqizo wama-litchi kanye nokuwathengisa eSewula Africa begodu ingarhelebha ngokobana ikuphe ngenyeleliso zendlela zokutlhogomela ama-litchi.
Ukutlhogonyelwa Kwamasimu Wama-Litchi
Imithi yama-litchi ivela emahlathini ayithrophikhali enarheni ye-China. Emfundeni ezi-subtropical ze-Sewula Africa, ama-litchi athembele okutheni athelelelwe. Umhlobo wawo kanye nokobana athelelelwa kangaki kuya ngokobana umuthi mdala kangangani, itlayimedi kanye nomhlobo wehlabathi. Kusetjenziswa imihlobo yokuthelelela okuyi-drip nanyana micro jet irrigation.
Ngokufana nokuthelelela, ukuvundisa iinthelwezi kuqakathekile ukwenzela bona zithele ngobunengi. Imithi esandukutjalwa kutlhogeka kobana ivundiswe ngemva kokobana sele ikhiqize amakari wazo wokthoma. Eminyakeni yokuthoma emibili, ukufakwa kwemvundisi kufanele kobana kuhlukaniswe kufakwe ngokulingana kabunane ngesikhathi sokuwatjala. (Kusukela ngoKhukhulamungu ukuya ngoSihlabantangana) ngemva kwalokho isivundisi sincitjhisiwe.
Ukuvundiswa kwemithi ekhiqizako kuvamise kobana kwenziwe ngemva kokobana kuvunwe, khulukhulu ngemva kokobana imithi le ithome ukuthuthumba ivele iinthelo lapha imithi yama-litchi ingakathomi ukungena esigabeni sokobana ifune amanzi kanye nokondliwa. Ukufakwa kwemvundisi kutlhogeka kobana kwenziwe ngokuya ngokobana ihlabathi kanye nokuhlolwa kwamakari kulethe imiphumela enjani, begodu abayelelisi bezelimo bangarhelebha ngamaprogramu wokuvundisa.
Lokha isthelo nasithuthukako, ukulawulwa kwentjhabalalisi kutlhogeka kobana kwenziwe ukunciphisa kobana kungalotjwa iintjalo ngebanga le-moth ebamba ama-litchi kanye nempukani zenthelo.
Ukukhula kwentjalo kungenziwa ngcono ngokobana iintjalo zithelelwe ngokwaneleko bezivundiswe. Ngokufanako ukuthelelelelwa kuhle kwentjalo kungaphungula ukuwa kwentjjalo kanye nokobana zitjhiswe lilanga. Amanendi wokwenza imithunzi avala isimu yoke, sele enziwa, enzelwe ibubulo lama-litchi begodu aletha imiphumela emihle begodu aphungula ukobana ama-litchi angatjhiswa lilanga anciphise netlayimedi ebukhali.
Ukuvala ama-litchi ngamatjhwaratjhwara kwenzelwa ukukhandela kobana angatjhiswa lilanga, kobana iinthelo zingabharasi kanye nokobana zingoniwa zimpukani zenthelo, i-litchi moth, abomaphelaphelani kanye nenyoni. Kumberego ofuna izandla begodu owenza bona ikhwalithi yenthelozo yehle ngebanga lokobana ziba nesirhoro begodu nombala wazo awubi muhle, ukuvala iinthelwezi ngetjhwaratjhwara sele kujanyiselelwe ngezinye iindlela zokusitlhogomela. Ekubalwa hlangana nazo ukusivundisa kuhle kanye nokusithelelela ukukhandela kobana zingatjhiswa lilanga, begodu ukusetjenziswa kwamanedi kuphungula kobana zingoniwa zinyoni iinthelwezi.
Lokha nakutlhogakalako, ukobana apruniwe ngaphambi kokobana avunwe kufanele kwenziwe ngemva kokuwavuna, khulukhu lokha nakutjalwa umhlobo wama-litchi avunwa lada. Iinqubhuthu zenthelo ngemva kokuzikha kutlhogeka kobana zisuswe.
Imithi yama-litchi itlhoga kobana iphumule ngaphambi kokobana ithome ukuthuthumba ukwenzela bona ibe namandla lokha nayithuthumbako.Ukobana ingathelelelwa kusukela ngoNtaka ukuya ngoMrhayili, okuzokuya ngokobana atjalwephi, kodwana akusebenzi ngaso soke isikhathi kuya ngokobana ubujamo betlayimedi bunjani, ukwenza isibonelo izulu lina lada ngoNtaka kanye nangoSihlabantangana. Lokha nawuwathelelelako nanyana nawuwatlhogomelako lokha nakangaphasi kokugandeleleka ngokomkhumbulo, kuqakathekile kobana uvumele imithi yawo kobana yome ngokuzeleko.
Ukukhula kwesthelwesi ngesilimela nanyana ekuthomeni kobusika kuzokuphungula nanyana kukhandele kobana sithuthumbe begodu kutlhoga kobana kulawulwe ngokobana kufakwe i-ethephon elawula ukukhula kwaso, ebulala amakari amancani ivumele kobana kuthuthumbe amathuthumba lokha amazinga womtjhiso nakehla ngokwaneleko.
Nanyana ingasetjenziswa kangako, ukuphungulwa kwemithi yama-litchi kungenziwa phakathi kwakaNtaka ngemva kokobana avuniwe, kuphungula ukukhula komuthi wawo ngeskhathi nakufanele athuthumbe. Ukulatjhwa kwawo akusebenzi ngaso soke isikhathi ukukhandela kobana kungawi amakari amatjha, okwenza bona kube netlhogakalo yokobana kufakwe i-ethenon.
Ukuvunwa Kanye Nokulatjhwa Kwawo Ngemva Kokobana Avuniwe
Ama-litchi sthelo esingatjhwenywa yitlayimedi, begodu sithelo esingasarageli phambili ngokuvuthwa ngemva kokobana sele sikhiwe. Ukobana sele alungele ukukhiwa kubonakala ngombala waso, ukubumbeka kwaso, kanye nokubambeka kweskhumba kanye nomnambitheko waso. I-Total soluble solids (TSS) kanye ne-titratable acid (TA) yekelo lesthelwesi kuyahlolwa bese iinthelwesi ziyabalwa ngaphambi kokobana sikhiwe ukobana babone bone sele sivuthiwe na. Ibubulweli lisebenzisa i-TSS ye-TA ratio eyi- 25:1
Ngebanga lokobana isthelo asivuthwa soke ngeskhathi sinye enethini, ngikho sikhiwa ngokuhlukahlukana ekuthomeni kwesikhathi saso sokuvuthwa. Ukuqiniseka kobana sinobukhulu obaneleko kusetjenziswa ubudege besthelo ukusimeda. Lada ngeskhathi saso sokuvuthwa lokha zoke iinthelo sele sezivuthwe ngokufana, kukhiwa zoke iinthelo Kutjhiywe isiqu sesthelwesi esiyi-3 mm ukukhandela kobana singahlukani.
Imithi yama-litchi ikhiwa ngokusebenzisa istepisi nanyana imithi yokusikha lokha imithi nayimikhulu. Ukuwakha kuvamise kobana kwenziwe nakusapholileko ekuseni. Ukwenzela kobana singatjhuguluki umbala sibe nzotho, isthelo esivuniweko kufanele sibekwe endaweni epholileko ngaso soke isikhathi begodu amatreyidi waso avalwe ngamakari esimini, lokha nasithuthwako kufanele sibekwe eshedeni lokuwapaka.
Ngeskhathi nakapakwako, onakeleko akhethwa wodwa abekwe esimini bese kuthunyelwe angonakali wodwa eshedeni lokuwapaka. Eshedeni lokuwapaka, ama-litchi athelwa isibulali senkowani i-sulphur dioxide kanye nama-anti-oxidant akhandela kobana isikhumba singatjhuguluki umbala sibe nzotho, esiqeda nenkowani ezenza bona sibole msinya. Iinthelo ezithunyelwa kwezinye iinarha ngesphaphamtjhini zivamise kobana silatjhwe nge-sulphur ukwenzela kobana zibuyele umbala wazo obomvu msinya.
Ngemva kokobana sispreyiwe nanyana silatjhwe nge-asidi, iinthelo zama-litchi ziyakhethwa okuya ngobukhulu bazo. Ema-litchini womhlobo we-Maurituius kanye newe-McLEAD Red ubukhulu nazo buba yi-30 mm kwazokuthengiswa enarheni le buba yi-28 mm.
Okuya ngokobana yimaraga yiphi, iinthelwezi zipakwa emakhathonini ayi-2 kg nanyana amancani kunalawo nanyana zivakwe ematjhwaratjhwareni. Nange bafuna ukuzibeka iskhathi eside, amakhathoni anama-litchi angapakwa nge-sulphur ndioxide aphuma kancani kancani efakwe etjhidini yabekwa phezu kwesthelo.
Ama-litchi angakalatjhwa angabekwa amalangana nakangakafakwa esiqandisini. Kodwana nakapakwe emapunethini avaliweko angaqandiswa ku-4ºC, iskhathi esingaba zimveke ezimbili. Nange afakwe i-sulphur, angabekwa iimveke ezihlanu ku-1ºC.
Angabekwa isikhathi esingaba zimveke ezimbili lokha nakapakwe emapunethini avaliweko afakwa ku-4°C esiqandisini. Lokha nakangakafakwa esiqandisini, angabekwa amalangana. Ama-litchi ayoma bese iskhumba sawo sitjhuguluka umbala sibe nzotho ngebanga lokoma.
Ukukhawuliswa Kokutjalwa Kwama-Litchi
Ukukhiqizwa kwama-litchi eSewula Africa kuvinywa khulu kukobana akatheli khulu ngebanga lokobana amathuthumbo wawo akabi manengi okwenza bona angatheli khulu. Nanyana kunjalo, nange atlhogonyelwa kuhle kungavunwa amahekuthara ayi-20.
Ukutjhuguluka kwamaphetheni wobujamo bezulu ngebanga lokutjhuguluka kwetlayimedi, nangokutjhuguluka kwendlela isimu yawo itlhogomelwa ngayo ngikho okuzokwenza bona kukhiqizwe iinthelo ezinengi ezinekhwalithi ehle eskhathini esizako.
Translated by Busisiwe Prudance Skhosana