Izindlela zokuphatha kwezokulima i-litchi zincike kwisitayela sokuphatha, ubukhulu bezolimo, nakulimi. Lokhu kungafaka ukufaka umanyolo, ukuchelela, ukuthena, ukugoqa, ukuvikela kwezitshalo kanye nokwelashwa kwangemuva kokuvunwa kwesibabule.
Izeluleko ezinemininingwane eminingi zingatholakala ngokujoyina amaqembu ocwaningo lwe-litchi kanye nabeluleki bezolimo abadumile. I-South African Litchi Growers' Association (SALGA) isekela futhi iphatha ukukhiqizwa nokukhangiswa kwe-litchi eNingizimu Afrika futhi ingasiza ngezeluleko ngezindlela zokuphatha i-litchi.
Izenzo Zokuphathwa Kwezivande zama-Litchis
Izihlahla zeLitchi zivela emahlathini ashisayo aseNingizimu neChina. Ezifundeni zokukhiqiza ezingaphansi kweNingizimu Afrika, kepha ukukhiqizwa kwe-litchi okuphumelelayo kuncike ekuniseleni. Uhlobo nokuvama kokunisela kungancika eminyakeni yesihlahla, isimo sezulu nohlobo lomhlabathi. Kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwe-Drip ne-micro-jet kusetshenziswa eNingizimu Afrika.
Okufanayo nokunisela, umanyolo ungenye yezinto ezibalulekile zokukhiqizwa kwe-litchi ephezulu. Izihlahla ezisanda kuthelwa kabusha kufanele zikhiqizwe kuphela ngemuva kokuba zikhiqize uhlaka lwazo lokuqala lweqabunga. Eminyakeni emibili yokuqala, izicelo zomanyolo kufanele zihlukaniswe zaba yizicelo eziyisishiyagalombili ezilinganayo phakathi nesikhathi sokukhula (Septhemba kuya ku-Ephreli). Ngemuva kwalokho izicelo ziyancishiswa.
Ukufakwa kokutshala izihlahla kuvame ukwenziwa ngemuva kokuvunwa, ikakhulukazi ekukhuleni kokushintshana ngaphambi kokuqhakaza nezithelo ezisethwe lapho isihlahla se-litchi singena esikhathini sokudinga amanzi nokudla. Izicelo zokufaka umanyolo kufanele zenziwe ngokuya ngomhlabathi nokuhlaziywa kwamaqabunga bese izazi zesondlo noma abeluleki bezolimo bengasiza ngohlelo lomanyolo.
Ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwezithelo, izindlela zokulawula izinambuzane kufanele zisetshenziselwe ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwezilimo ngenxa yenundu le-litchi, inundu wamanga wekhowudi nezimpukane zezithelo.
Ukukhula kwezithelo kungenziwa kukhuliswe ngokunisela okwanele kanye nokufakwa komanyolo kanye nabalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo nokubopha lapho kwakhula izithelo. Ngokunjalo, ukuchelela ngendlela efanele kanye nomanyolo kunganciphisa ukwehla kwezithelo nokushiswa yilanga. Amanetha anomthunzi, amboze yonke yezithelo, asethulwe embonini ye-litchi ngempumelelo enkulu futhi anganciphisa ukushiswa yilanga futhi anciphise imiphumela yesimo sezulu esibuhlungu.
Ukumbozwa kwezihlanganisi zezithelo ze-litchi ngezikhwama zamaphepha kwenziwa ukuze kuvikeleke ukushiswa yilanga, ukuqhekeka kwezithelo nomonakalo ezimpukeni zezithelo, amabhu ama-litchi, amalulwane nezinyoni. Inqubo eqinisa abasebenzi futhi ibangela izingqinamba zekhwalithi ezinjengokubumba nokufakwa imibala okunganele, ukugcotshwa kwempahla manje sekuguqulwe ezinye izenzo zabaphathi. Lokhu kufaka umanyolo ofanele nokunisela ukuvikela ukushiswa yilanga kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamanetha ukunciphisa ukulinyazwa kwezinyoni.
Lapho kunesidingo, ukuthenwa kwangemva kokuvunwa kufanele kwenziwe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuvunwa, ikakhulukazi ngezinhlanganisela ze-litchi ezisekupheleni. Isiqu sezithelo ezisele ngemuva kokukhiwa nazo kufanele zisuswe.
Izihlahla zeLitchi zidinga ukungena esigabeni sokuphumula (dormancy) ngaphambi kokuqhakaza ukuqongelela izinqolobane ezanele zesikhathi sezimbali. Ukugodla amanzi kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi, ngokuya ngendawo yokukhiqiza, kungenzeka kusetshenziselwe ukuphoqa ukungabinayo indawo yokuhlala, kepha akusebenzi njalo ngokuya ngezimo zezulu, isb. izimvula sekwephuzile ngoMashi nango-Ephreli. Lapho usebenzisa ukuphathwa kokucindezelwa kwamanzi, kubalulekile ukuthi ungavumeli izihlahla ukuthi zome ngokuphelele.
Noma yikuphi ukukhula kwezitshalo okuvela ekwindla noma ekuqaleni kobusika kuzonciphisa noma kuvikele izimbali futhi kudinga ukulawulwa ngokusebenzisa umlawuli wokukhula kwezitshalo obulala iqabunga elincane futhi lenza ukukhula kwezimbali kube nje amazinga okushisa esehlile ngokwanele.
Yize zingasetshenziswanga kabanzi, ukuhlanganiswa kwezihlahla ze-litchi kungenziwa maphakathi no-Mashi ngemuva kokuba ukukhula kokukhula kwemifino ngemuva kokuvunwa sekuqinisiwe ukuze kunciphise ukukhula kwezitshalo ngesikhathi sangaphambi kokuqhakaza izimbali. Lokhu kwelashwa akusebenzi njalo ngokwanele ukuvimba ukuqhuma kwamaqabunga amasha lapho kudingeka khona ukulandelwa ngezicelo ze-ethephon.
Ukwelashwa Kwaphambili Nangemva Kokuvuna KweLitchis
I-Litchi iyisithelo esingeyona eye-climacteric engavuthwa kabusha uma sesikhethiwe.
Ukuvuthwa kokuvunwa kunqunywa ngombala wezithelo ezithile, ukwakheka, ukuthungwa kwesikhumba nokunambitheka. I-soluble solids (i-TSS) ne-titratable acid (TA) ye-pulp yezithelo inqunywa futhi isilinganiso saso sibalwa ngaphambi kokuvunwa ngesilinganiso esinembile sokuvuthwa. Izinga eliphansi lezimboni lokuvuthwa liyisilinganiso se-TSS kuya ku-TA sokungu-25:1.
Ngenxa yokuvuthwa okungalingani kwezithelo ngaphakathi kwesiqu noma esihlahleni, izithelo zikhethwa ngokukhethekile ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sokuvuna. Ukuqinisekisa usayizi owanele wezithelo ukusetshenziswa kwesilinganiso sobubanzi bezithelo (ukukha indandatho) kuyakhuthazwa. Kamuva ngesikhathi sokuvuna lapho zonke izithelo sezifinyelele ukuvuthwa okufana, kukhethwa iziqu ngokuphelele. Cishe ama-3 mm kwesiqu sezithelo asele esithelweni ukuvikela ukuqhekeka kwesikhumba.
Izihlahla zeLitchi zivame ukukhethwa ngosizo lwamadada noma izikeyila zokuzitholela ezisebenzayo ukufinyelela izihlahla ezinkulu. Ukukhahlela kuvame ukwenziwa phakathi nesikhathi esipholile kunazo zonke sosuku, okungcono ekuseni. Ukuze ugweme ukucunwa nokufiphala kwesikhumba sezithelo, izithelo ezivunwayo kumele zigcinwe zipholile ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi amakhreyithi kufanele ambozwe ngamaqabunga noma kube manzi ama -sian engadini yezithelo, ngesikhathi sokuhamba nasesigcawini sokupakisha.
Ngesikhathi sokuvunwa, izithelo ezonakele noma ezixineneyo zihanjiswa engadini yezithelo futhi kuthunyelwa kuphela izithelo ezinempilo endaweni ethengiswayo. Esithweni sokupakisha, i-litchis zivame ukugcotshwa ngesibabule, i-antioxidant evimbela ukufiphala kwesikhumba futhi inciphise izifo zokukhunta ezizoholela empilweni efishizi. Izithelo ezithunyelwa nge-airfreight zivame ukuphathwa ngokwengeziwe ngama-organic acid ngemuva kokugcwala kwesibabule ukuvumela ukubuya okusheshayo kombala wesikhumba obomvu.
Ngemuva kokwelashwa kwe-fumigation kanye / noma i-acid, ama-litch ahlelwa ngosayizi. Kubo bobabili iMauritius neMcLean's Red ubuncane bezithelo obuthunyelwa ngaphandle buyi-30 mm kuthi imakethe yasendaweni ibe ngu-28 mm.
Kuya ngemakethe, izithelo zigcwele emabhokisini angu-2 noma emaphepheni amancane epulasitiki. Ngokugcina isikhathi eside, amabhokisi ane-litchis angagcwala ishidi elikhipha kancane kancane le-sulphur dioxide phezulu kwezithelo.
Ezingeni lokushisa lasekamelweni, impilo yeshalofu yezithelo ezingalungiswa ze-litchi kuphela izinsuku ezimbalwa. Kodwa-ke, uma igcwele emaphawini okuvalwa uphawu futhi iqandisiwe ku-4ºC, ingagcina kuze kube amasonto amabili. Uma sesiphathwe nge-sulphur fumigation, izithelo zingahlala amasonto amahlanu ezingeni lokushisa u-1.
efinyelela kumaviki amabili lapho igcwele emaphawini okuvalwa uphawu futhi iqandisiwe ngo-4°C. Emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni, i-shelflife izinsuku ezimbalwa kuphela. I-Litchis izokoma bese isikhumba siphenduka sibe nsundu ngenxa yokuphelelwa ngamandla komzimba.
Inkinga Zokulima ama-Litchi
Ukukhiqizwa kweLitchi eNingizimu Afrika kuthikamezwa kakhulu yisivuno esanele esenziwa ngenxa yokuqhakaza kwezimbali okungaxutshiwe kanye nesethi ephansi yezithelo. Kodwa-ke, ngokusebenza kahle kokuphathwa kwezithelo zezihlahla izivuno ezifika kuma-20 t/ha zingatholakala.
Ukuguqulwa kwamaphethini wesimo sezulu sonyaka ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kunomthelela owandayo ekukhiqizeni kwe-litchi. Ukunciphisa imiphumela yokushintshwa kwesimo sezulu ngokuhambisana nezindlela zokulawula izivuno kuzoba wukhiye ekukhiqizweni kwezithelo okuzinzile nekhwalithi enhle yezithelo ngokuzayo.
Translated by Nsika Khoza