Maendlelo ya vulawuri eka vurimi bya tinombhela byiya hi ndlela ya mafambiselo, ku tika ka swibyariwa, xikan’we nale ka muxaka. Leswi swinga katsa ku nonisiwa ka misava, ncheleto, kutsemetiwa, girdling, nsirhelelo wa swibyariwa xikan’we naku fafazela sulphur dioxide eka leswi tshoveriweke.
Switsundzuxo swo enta swinga kumeka hikuva xiphemu xa ntlawa wa litchi study groups xikan’we na vatsundzuxi va swavurimi lava tivekaka. Va South African Litchi Growers’ Association (SALGA) vaseketela xikan’we naku lawula vuhumelerisi bya tinombhela na maxaviselo e Afrika Dzonga naswona vanga pfuneta hiku phakela switsundzuxo eka maendlelo ya vulawuri bya tinombhela.
Magoza ya Vulawuri bya Xirhapa xa Tinombhela
Misinya ya tinombhela yitumbuluke kusuka eka nhova yale Southern China. Eka tindzhawu ta vuhumelerisi ta subtropical e Afrika Dzonga, hambiswiritano, vuhumelerisi bya kahle bya tinombhela byi tshembele eka ncheleto. Muxaka na macheletelo swingaya hi malembe ya nsinya, maxelo na muxaka wa misava. Hivumbirhi ka mincheleto ya drip na micro-jet swa tirhisiwa e Afrika Dzonga.
Hiku fana na ncheleto, ku nonisa i swin’wani swankoka swinene eka vuhumelerisi byale henhla bya tinombhela. Misinya leyi yahaku simuriwaka yifanele ku cheriwa manyoro endzhaku kaloko yihumesile matluka yosungula. Eka mamlembe yambirhi yosungula, ku chela manyoro swifanele ku hambanyisiwa hikwalomu ka nhungu eka nguvo yakukula ka swimilani (September kuya eka April). Kusukela kwalano ku hungutiwa ku nonisa.
Ku nonisiwa ka misinya leyi vekaka mihandzu switala ku endliwa endzhaku ka ntshovelo, ngopfu ngopfu loko ku tshoveriwile kambe kungase huma mabilomu lawa ya landzelaka kutani mihandzu yisungula kuva kona loko nsinya wa tinombhela wunghena aka xiphemu lexi wulavaka mati na swakudya swotala. Ku cheriwa ka manyoro swifanele ku endliwa kuya hi nkambisiso wa matluka na misava kutani vativi va swakudya swa swimilani kumbe vatsundzuxi va swavurimi vanga pfuna hi nongonoko waku nonisa.
Hinkarhi wa kukula ka mihandzu, mirhi yodlaya switsotswana yifanele ku cheriwa kuhunguta ku lahlekeriwa hi swimilani hikwalaho ka ti moth, false codling moth nati fruit flies.
Kukula ka mihandzu swinga antswisiwa hiku cheleta ko ringana na kunonisa xikan’we na leswi lawulaka kukula na girdling loko mihandzu yaha kula. Swahatetano, ncheleto wa kahle na ncheleto swinga hunguta kuwa ka mihandzu nakutshwa hi dyambu. Ti nets ta ndzhuti, leti funengetaka xirhapa hinkwaxo, swahaku nghenisiwa eka tindzhawu ta vuhumelerisi kutiyisisa kuhumelela naku hunguta kutshwa xikan’we na maxelo yoka yanga tsakisi.
Ku phutsela swichocho swa tinombhela hi maphepha swinga sivela kutshwa hi dyambu, ku pandzeka naku onhiwa hi switsotswana, ti moth, mangedyani na tinyenyani. Maendlelo lawa ya lavaku ntirho wotala lawa ya tisaka swiphiqo swa khwalithi swofana na mould nakungavi na muhlovo wa kahle, kuphutseriwa se switekeriwe ntirho hi maendlelo yan’wani ya vulawuri. Leswi swikatsa kunonisa misava ko ringanela na ncheleto kusivela ku tshwa hi dyambu xikan’we na ku tirhisiwa ka ti net kuhunguta kuvavisiwa hi tinyenyani.
Loko swirina nkoka, kutsemetiwa endzhaku ka ntshovelo swifanele ku endliwa, ngopfu ngopfu eka muxaka wa tinombhela lowu hlwelaka. Tinhu ta mihandzu letisalaka natona tifanele kususiwa.
Misinya ya tinombhela yifanele ku wisa loko yingase humesa mabilomu leswaku yitava na swakudya swo ringanela eka nguva leyitaka. Yikhoma mati kusukela hi March kuya eka May, kuya hi ndzhawu ya vuhumelerisi, swinga endliwa ku hlohletela dormancy, kambe aswi tirhi ngopfu kuya hi xiyimo xa maxelo, e.g. timpfula leti hlwelaka hi March na April. Loko ku endliwa vulawuri bya ntshikelelo wa mati, swina nkoka kunga pfumeleli misinya ku omeriwa swinene.
Kuhluka loku vonakaka kuhumelela hi xixikana kumbe ekusunguleni ka xixika swita hunguteka kumbe kusivela mabilomu naswona swa laveka ku lawuriwa hiku chela leswi lawulaka kukula hi xivumbeko xa ethephon, leyi dlayaka matluka lamantsongo naswona swipfuneta kukula ka mabilomu ntsena loko mahiselo ya hunguteke kuringana.
Hambi leswi swinga tirhisiweki ngopfu, girdling eka misinya ya tinombhela swinga endliwa exikarhi ka March endzhaku kaloko matluka lawa yanga huma endzhaku ka ntshovelo ya tiyerile loko kungase huma mabilomu. Maendlelo lawa aya talangi ku tirha ngopfu kusivela matluka lawa yantshwa laha ya faneleke ku landzeriwa hiku chela ethephon.
Vutshunguri bya Tinombhela Hinkarhi wa Ntshovelo Nale Ndzhaku ka Ntshovelo
Tinombhela ahi mihandzu leyiyaka hi maxelo leyingaha vupfeki endzhaku kaloko yi khiwile. Kuvupfa ka ntshovelo swiya hi muhlovo wa muxaka wa swibyariwa, xivumbeko, nhlonge na nantswo. Total soluble solids (TSS) na titratable acid (TA) swa mihandzu swa kumeka kutani swakudya swi hlayeriwa kungase tshoveriwa leswaku kuta pimiwa kahle makulelo. Swipimelo swa vukulu leswi lavekaka i TSS kuya eka TA ratio ya 25:1.
Hikokwalaho ka kuvupfa lokunga faneki eka xichocho kumbe eka nsinya, mihandzu yi khiwa hiku hlawuriwa eku sunguleni ka nguva ya ntshovelo. Ku tiyisisa vukulu bya muhandzu lebyi ringaneleke kutirhisiwa swa hlohleteriwa. Endzhaku ka nguva yantshovelo loko mihandzu yi vupfe hinkwayo, xichocho xikhiwa hinkwaxo. Kwalomu ka 3 mm wa rinhu leri khomaka xichocho risiyiwa kusivela leswaku nhlonge ya muhandzu yinga vaviseki.
Misinya ya tinombhela yi khiwa hiku tirhisa switepisi kumbe swigolonyani leswi kotaka ku fikekelela misinya leyikulu. Ku kha mihandzu hixitalo swiendliwa hinkarhi lowunga hola wa siku, ngopfu ngopfu na mixo. Leswaku kuta papalatiwa kuva mihandzu yiva ya buraweni eka nhlonge, mihandzu leyi tshoveriweke yifanele kuva yitshama laha kutitimelaka himinkarhi hinkwayo naswona magasi ya fanele ku finengetiwa hi matluka kumbe wet hessian exirhapeni, hinkarhi wofambisiwa xikan’we na laha yingata pakeriwa kona.
Hinkarhi wantshovelo, mihandzu leyinga lumiwa kumbe kuvaviseka ya hlawuriwa yahari ensinwini, kusala ntsena mihandzu leyinga kahle yiyisiwa eka ndzhawu leyi yi pakiwaka kona. Laha yi pakiwaka kona, tinombhela ta fafazeriwa hi sulphur dioxide, antioxidant leyi pfunaka kusivela kuva nhlonge yiva ya buraweni leswingata endla leswaku tinga tshami ngopfu endzhaku ka ntshovelo. Mihandzu leyi yisiwaka ehandle hiku tirhisa xihaha mpfhuka yitala kucheriwa ti organic acids endzhaku ka mfafazelo wa sulphur kupfumelela leswaku mihandzu yihatlisa kuva yotshuka.
Endzhaku ka mfafazelo na/kumbe ku cheriwa hi acid, tinombhela ti pakiwa kuya hi vukulu. Hivumbirhi bya Mauritius na McLean’s Red vukulu byale hansi bya mihandzu leyi yisiwaka eka matiko mambe yifanele kuva 30 mm kasi eka timakete ta laha kaya tifanele kuva 28 mm.
Kuya hi timakete, mihandzu yi pakiwa eka swibye swa 2 kg kumbe tiplastiki letintsongo. Kuva tihlayisiwa nkarhi woleha, swibye swa tinombhela swinga pakiwa ehenhla ka maphepha lawa ya chelaka sulphur dioxide kantsongo ehenhla ka mihandzu.
Mahiselo yoringana ya kamara, vutomi bya tinombhela letinga fafazeriwangiki kova masiku nyana yantsongo. Hambiswiritano, loko ti pakiwile eka ti punnets leti pfariweke kutani tivekiwa eka xigwitsirisi eka 4ºC, tinga tshama kuringana mavhiki mambirhi. Loko ti fafazeriwe hi sulphur, mihandzu yinga tshama kuringana ntlhanu wa mavhiki eka 1ºC. Tinombhela tita oma kutani nhlonge yihundzuka ya buraweni hikwalaho ka ku oma.
Swipimelo swa Vurimi bya Tinombhela
Vuhumelerisi bya tinombhela e Afrika Dzonga switala ku kavanyeta mbuyelo woka wunga ringanelangi leswi vangiwaka hi swihoxo eka mabilomu na mihandzu yale hansi leyi vekiwaka hi nsinya. Hambiswiritano, hi maendlelo ya vulawuri bya kahle bya xirhapa mbuyelo wakufika eka 20 t/ha wunga fikeleriwa.
Ku cinca ka maxelo ya tinguva hiko kwalaho ka climate change swina nhlohletelo wukulu eka vuhumelerisi bya tinombhela. Ku lulamisa nhlohletelo wa climate change hiku nghenisa maendlelo ya vulawuri bya xirhapa switava leswi fikelelekaka eka vuhumelerisi bya mihandzu ya khwalithi ya kahle eka vumundzuku.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni