Indlela zolawulo ekulinyweni kwe litshi zixhomekeke kwindlela yolawulo, ukuqiniseka ekulimeni, kunye nakwisilimo. Oku kungaquka ukuchumisa, unkcenkceshelo, ukucheba, ukuxoza, ukhuseleko lwesivuno, kunye ne sulphur dioxide efakwa emveni kokuvuna njengonyango.
Ingcebiso ethe vetshe ingafumaneka ngokuthi ubani azibandakanye namaqembu ezifundo ze litshi kubacebisi abahloniphekileyo bezolimo. Iqela le South African Litchi Grower’s Association (SALGA) lixhasa kwaye lilawula imveliso yelitshi kunye nentengiso kwelo Mzantsi Afrika kwaye linganceda ngengcebiso ngendlela zolawulo ze litshi.
Amanyathelo Wolawulo lwe Gadi Ezityale iLitshi
Imithi ye litshi isuka kumahlathi akwindawo ezishushu zase Mazantsi we China. Kwimveliso yemimandla engezantsi enobushushu eMzantsi Afrika, kodwa ke, imveliso ye litshi enempumelelo ixhomekeke kunkcenkceshelo. Uhlobo kunye nokuthi gqolo unkcenkceshela kungaxhomekeka kwiminyaka yomthi, isimo sezulu kunye nohlobo lomhlaba. Zombini idriphu kunye ne micro-jet zintlobo zokunkcenkceshela ziyasetyenziswa kwelo Mzantsi Afrika.
Ngokufanayo noku nkcenkceshela, ukuchumisa yenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo kwimveliso yelitshi ephezulu. Imithi esandula kutyalwa kufuneka ichunyiswe kuphela xa isandula kuvelisa igqabi lokuqala. Kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala, ukufaka izichumisi kufuneka kohlulwe kasibhozo (8) ngokulinganayo umlinganiselo ngexesha zikhula ngalo (Septemba ukuya ku April). Emveni koko umlinganiselo ungehliswa.
Ukuchumisa ngenjongo yokuvelisa imithi kwenziwa emveni kokuvunwa, ingakumbi emveni kokuvunwa ukukhula phambi kokudubula nokulunga kweziqhamo xa imithi ye litshi ingena kwixesha elifuna amanzi nesondlo. Izichumisi kufuneka zifakwe ngoko hlaziyo lwamagqabi nabo besondlo sezityalo okanye abacebisi bezolimo banganceda ngohlelo lokuchumisa.
Xa iziqhamo zisa khula, amanyathelo olawulo lweenkumbi kuneka athabathwe ukunciphisa ilahleko yesivuno eyenziwa yinkumbi yelitshi, ifalse codling moth ne zinambuzane zeziqhamo.
Ukukhula kweziqhamo kungakhuthazwa ngokuthi kunkcenkceshelwe ngokwaneleyo kuchunyiswe kunye nendlela zokukhuliswa kwezityalo nokuxozwa xa isiqhamo sisakhula. Ngoku fanayo, unkcenckeshelo olu lungileyo kunye nokuchumisa kungehlisa amazinga weziqhamo eziwayo kunye nokutshiswa lilanga. Iminatha yemithunzi, egquma iintsimi okanye igadi yonke, yaziswa kulimo lwe litshi kwaye inempumelelo, iyehlisa ukutshiswa kwezityalo lilanga kwaye ikhusela nakwisimo sezulu esingazilungelanga izityalo.
Ukogquma iziqhamo ze litshi ngamaphepha we bhegi kwakusenziwa ukukhusela ukutshiswa lilanga, ukuqhekeka kweziqhamo, kunye nomonakalo weziqhamo owenziwa zizinambuzane, inkumbi ze litshi, amabhabhathane kunye neentaka. Indlela esebenzisa kakhulu eyenza ingxaki malunga nomgangatho ezifana noku ngunda nokungaphumi kakuhle kombala, ibhegi ngoku zitshintshwe ngezinye iindlela zolawulo. Ezindlela ziquka uchumiso olufanelekileyo kunye nonkcenkceshelo ukuthintela ukutshiswa kwelanga nokusetyenziswa kweminatha ukwehlisa umonakalo owenziwa ziintaka.
Xa kunyanzelekile, ukucheba izityalo emveni kokuvuna kufuneka kwenziwe ngqo emveni koku vuna, ingakumbi kwi kwizilimo zamva ze litshi. Izikhondo zeziqhamo ezishiyeke emveni kokuvuna kufuneka zisuswe.
Imithi ye litshi kufuneka iphumle (ingenzinto) phambi kokuba idubule ukuze ifumane indawo eyaneleyo yexesha lokudubula. Ibamba amanzi okusela kwinyanga ka Matshi ukuya ku Meyi, kuxhomekeke kwindawo yemveliso, ingasetyenziswa ukunyanzelisa okokuba ingenzinto, kodwa oku akuhlali kusebenza kuxhomekeka kwisimo sezulu, umzekelo imvula yamva ngo Matshi no April. Xa ufaka amanzi ngenjongo yokwehlisa uxinzelelo, kubalulekile ungayivumeli imithi yome nko kwasekuqaleni.
Nasiphi na isityalo somfuno esivela ngexesha lase kwindla okanye ekuqaleni kobusika sizakwehlisa okanye sivalele ukudubula kwaye kufuneka silawulwe ngokufaka isixhobo solawulo lwezityalo i-ethephon, ebulala igqabi elincinci yenze kukhule intyatyambo xa ubushushu behlile kakhulu.
Nangona lendlela ingasetyenziswa kakhulu, ukuxozwa kwemithi ye litshi kungenziwa phakathi ku matshi emveni kwexesha lokuvunwa, emveni kokuba ukukhula kwemifuno kuqinile ukulawula ukukhula kwemifuno phambi kwexesha lokudubula. Olunyango aluhlali lusebenza ngokwaneleyo ukuvalela amagqabi amatsha, xakunjalo kufuneka kulandeleliswe ngokufaka i-ethephon.
Unyango lwe Litshi xa Kuvunwa nasemveni Kokuvuna
Ilisthi sisiqhamo asingaxhomekekanga kwisimo sezulu kakhulu, emveni kokuba ikhiwe ayiphindi ivuthwe. Ukuvunwa xa ivuthiwe kuxhomekeka kumbala wesiqhamo ngokwe silimo, ubume, ukuvakala kwesikhumba esandleni nencasa. I-Total Soluble Solids (TSS) ne titratable acid (TA) yempuphu yesiqhamo ziyajongwa ze umlinganiselo ubalwe phambi kokuvuna ukuze kufumaneke umlinganiselo wokuvuthwa. Imfuneko yentengiso yokuvuthwa yi TSS kumlinganiselo we TA we 25:1.
Ngenxa yokungavuthwa ngokufanayo okanye ngolinganayo kweziqhamo endaweni okanye emthini, iziqhamo zikhiwa ngoku khethwa xa kuqala ixesha lokuvuna. Ukuqinisekisa umlinganiselo owaneleyo wesiqhamo kusetyenziswa fruit diameter (isangqa sokukha) kucetyiswa ukusebenzisa sona. Exesheni, kwixesha lokuvuna xa zonke iziqhamo zifikelele ekuvuthweni okwaneleyo, kuvunwa intsimi yonke yeziqhamo. Malunga no 3 mm wesiqu seziqhamo zishiywa kwisiqhamo ukuthintela isikhumba zingaqhekeki.
Imithi yelitshi ikhiwa ngoncedo lwe leli okanye izixhobo zokukha zika matshini ukufikelela kwimithi emikhulu. Kuvunwa ngelona xesha lipholileyo emini, ingakumbi kwakusasa. Ukuze kuthintelwane nokoma nokujika kwesikhumba sibe ngumbala omdaka, isiqhamo esivuniweyo kufuneka sigcinwe kwindawo epholileyo ngalo lonke ixesha kwaye amakreyithi agqunywe namagqabi okanye amasaka egadini, naxa kuhanjiswa apho zipakishwa khona.
Ngexesha lokuvuna, iziqhamo ezonakeleyo okanye ezityiwe zizinambuzane ziyapakishwa zodwa egadini ze ibeziziqhamo ezisempilweni ezihanjiswa apho kupakishwa khona. Kubulawa izinambuzane kwi litshi nge sulphur dioxide, isikhuseli sezityalo esizikhusela okokuba isikhumba singabi ngumbala oluhlaza kwaye inciphisa usuleleko lokungunda oluzakwenza isiqhamo singahlali ixesha elide. Iziqhamo ezihanjiswa ngenqwelo moya ziye zifakwe ii-asidi ezithile emveni kokuba kufakwe sulphur dioxide ukuze umbala obomvu ukhawuleze ubuyele.
Emveni kokubulala izinambuzane kunye/ okanye nonyango nge asidi, ilitshi zilungiswa ngoko bungakanani. Zombini iMauritius ne McLean’s Red ubuncinci bobubanzi ukuze kuthengiswe kumazwe angaphandle ngu 30 mm, kwintengiso yeli ze ibengu 28 mm.
Kuxhomekeka kwintengiso, iziqhamo zipakishwa kwi 2 kg ye khathuni okanye ipakethi ezincinci. Ukuzigcina ixesha elide, ikhathuni ezine zelitshi zingapakishwa neshithi lokuvulela isulphur dioxide kancinci ngaphezulu kweziqhamo.
Kubushushu bangaphakathi, ubomi be litshi enganyangwanga ibazintsuku nje ezimbalwa. Kananjalo xa zipakishwe kwiplastiki ezivalekayo zafakwa kwisikhenkcezisi esingu 4℃, ingahlala ukuyokuma kwiveki ezimbini. Emveni kokufakwa isulphur, iziqhamo zingahlala ukuyokuma kwiveki ezintlanu ku 1℃.
Ukuyokuma kwiveki ezimbini xasele zipakishiwe kwiplastiki ezivaliweyo zafakwa kwisikhenkcezisi ku 4℃. Kubushushu base ndlini, zihlala nje iintsuku ezimbalwa. Ilitshi zingoma isikhumba sijike sibengumbala omdaka ngenxa yokukhameka.
Iingxaki zo Limo lwe Litshi
Imveliso ye litshi eMzantsi Afrika inqandwa ngumyinge onganelanga owenziwa kukudubula kunye nenani leziqhamo elincinci. Kodwa ke, xa kukho ulawulo lwentsimi/ gadi evelisa umyinge uyokuma ku 20 t/ha lungafumaneka.
Ukutshintsha kwesimo sezulu kunegalelo olongezelekileyo kwimveliso ye litshi. Ukuhlangabezana nokutshintsha kwesimo sezulu ngolawulo oluluqilima lwentsimi yeyonanto izakuthi incede ekuveliseni iziqhamo ezilungileyo ezikumgangatho ophezulu kwixa elizayo.
Translated by Zikhona Plaatjie