Amakhiwane avumelaniswa kahle nezindawo ezomile ezinamazinga okushisa aphakeme, nokutholakala kwamanzi aphansi futhi ngokwesiko kulinywe enhlabathini esemuva. Namuhla, ukulima amakhiwane kuya ngokuya kwenziwa ngaphansi kokunisela ngamasu ahlukene ezolimo ukukhulisa isivuno, ikhwalithi kanye ne-raflufu.
Izihlahla zamakhiwane nazo zikhule ngokuphumelelayo ezivinini ezivulekile, ngaphansi kokwetha komthunzi, ezindlini zokugcina izithombo nasezinhlelweni ze-hydroponic. Eqinisweni, ucwaningo eJapan lithole ukuthi izihlahla zomkhiwane ohlelweni lwe-hydroponic zingakhiqiza izitshalo ezimbili ngonyaka, ngenqubo ekhethekile yokuthena izihlahla. Ucwaningo lwaseMexico selukhombisile ukuthi ukukhiqizwa okuningana kwezihlahla zamakhiwane ku-greenhouse naku-hydroponic system kukhiqize kuze kube yizikhathi ezingama-20 izithelo ezingaphezulu kokutshala kwendawo evulekile.
Ukulima Amakhiwane eNingizimu Afrika
Amakhiwane akhetha isimo sezulu saseMedithera - ihlobo efudumele nelomile nelobusika. Isimo sezulu esomile esomile ngesikhathi sokuvuna ehlobo, sibalulekile, ngoba umswakama ungadala imifantu emakhiwaneni avuthiwe.
Izihlahla zomkhiwane zitshalwe ezivandeni izihlahla zihlanganiswe ngendlela eyiyo eningizimu nasenyakatho ukuze kuvunyelwe nokuvuthwa kwezithelo nhlangothi zombili zesihlahla. Amakhiwane angatshalwa enhlabathini enesihlabathi, kepha inhlabathi ecebile ingaveza izithelo ezinkulu. Ingabekezelela izinhlobo ezahlukene zenhlabathi kepha ithanda i-pH engu-6 - 6,5.
Izihlahla zamakhiwane zinezindlela ezingashisi, ezisabalalisa izimpande, ezizwelayo emncintiswaneni wokhula. Ngokuya ngezinambuzane, amakhiwane azwela kakhulu kuma-nematode kanye nesiqu se-borer. Izihlahla zingadinga i-nitrogen, kuya ngokuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi. I-Drip irrigation isetshenziswa; ukuchelela ukukhanya okujwayelekile kukhethwa kunkcenkceshela ngokujulile masonto onke.
Izihlahla zomdiliya zidunwe phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika zaseNingizimu Afrika, ngoJuni kuya kuSepthemba, ukugcina izihlahla 'zivulekile' ngokungena kwelanga futhi ziphansi ukuba zibambe kalula. Ukuthena imifino, isb. I-'Genoa emhlophe', ethwala amakhiwane akuqala noma amakhiwane we-'breba' kufanele avumelaniswe Amakhiwane eBreba akhula cishe inyanga ngaphambi kokuvunwa okuyinhloko, amahlumela wonyaka owedlule, kuyilapho isivuno sesibili noma esiyinhloko samakhiwane sikhula emahlumela akhula ngesikhathi samanje.
Ukuvunwa Kwamakhiwane
Amakhiwane avuthwa ngokushesha futhi izihlahla zivunwa nsuku zonke, imvamisa ngaphezulu kwezinyanga ezimbalwa.
Ngokuya ngezinhlobonhlobo nasendaweni, ukuvuna amakhiwane kuqala kusuka ngoNovemba / Disemba futhi kungaqhubeka kuze kube ngu-Ephreli / Meyi. Amakhiwane athelwa ekuseni kakhulu ukugwema ukushisa kwasemini, ngoba lokhu kungadala ukulimala kwamakhiwane - ukhipha umakhi womkhiwane esihlahleni bese uhlala esihlahleni.
Ukuvuna okufanele izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuvuthwa okufanele, cishe ukuvuthwa okungu-70%. Ukukhetha kuqala imingcele inyoni ukulinyazwa kwamakhiwane avuthiwe engadini yezithelo. Umkhiwane uyisithelo esine-climacteric futhi uzovuthwa ngenkathi uhanjiswa kumthengi ongapheli.
Ukuvuna imidwebo kuyasebenza kakhulu; amakhiwane aqhuma kalula futhi kufanele aphathwe ngokunakekelwa. Umuthi wamakhiwane ufaka i-latex emhlophe noma i-'bisi' obangela iziqholo zesikhumba, ngakho-ke abakhethiweyo bagqoka amagilavu, imikhono kwesinye isikhathi isikhafu ukuvikela isikhumba sabo ukuthi singavunyelwa 'ubisi' olune-asidi.
Ngemuva kokuvunwa, amakhiwane ahanjiswa kwisitoreji esibandayo, ahlelwe ngosayizi nekhwalithi bese ehlanganiswa. Amakhiwane ekhwalithi athumela ngaphandle angafakwa emaphayipini epulasitiki angama-160 amagremu, noma amashubhu amakhiwane amancanyana amaRonde de Bordeaux. Amakhiwane amakhulu futhi athunyelwa kwamanye amathileyi ephepha ngaphakathi kwamabhokisi asicaba.
Uma amakhiwane engalungile emakethe yokudla okusha, isb. Kuthunyelwe noma kuvuthiwe kakhulu, kuthunyelwa ukucutshungulwa kumajamu, izikebhe noma ukomiswa.
Translated by Nsika Khoza