Ulawulo Lwezityalo ze Pomegranate

© Mahdi Karimi
Imveliso ye pomegranate eveliselwa intengiso idinga umsebenzi wezandla ukuqinisekisa iziqhamo ezikhulu kwaye ezisempilweni kunye nombala omhle. Imisebenzi yolawulo lwe pomegranate iquka ukuyicheba, ukuyogquma, ukususa amasebe kwiziqhamo ezifileyo, nokhuseleko kwilanga nolawaulo leenkumbi zeziqhamo.

Ukucheba Iziqhamo

Iipomegranates zingakhula izizityalo ezineziqu ezininzi ezinamahlala (iziqu ezintathu ukuya kwezintandathu zezona zingcono) okanye iingcambu zemithi ezizimeleyo. Qaphela unciphise ubude bomthi ku 2-2,5 m kuba oku kulula xa kusetyenzwa ngesandla. Xa uqala izityalo ze pomegranate ezintsha, amafama angalindela okokuba umsebenzi wesandla ongama 80% egadini yezityalo uzakuba ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kweleli, uyacebisa uJorrie Mulder, ongumcebisi kwi Pomegranate Producer’s Association of South Africa - POMASA.
Imithi ye pomegranate eneziqu ezininzi iye ikhawuleze ukuvuthwa kwaye inamasebe amaninzi aveza iziqhamo logama isityalo esine siqu esinye kulula ukususa izikhondo ezivelayo ezintsha kumazantsi esiqu somthi. Kuzo zombini eziziqu esinye kunye nezinye iziqu ezininzi zivelisa phantse iziqhamo ezilinganayo.
Ukucheba umthi wesiqhamo kuthetha ukususa okunye okuntshulayo emthini, amasebe afileyo kunye nokunye okuntshulayo. Ukufumana ubume nobude obufunekayo bomthi, kufuneka uchetywe ebusika. Gcina umphakathi womthi uvulekile (ukuze ilanga lingene nokuhlisa ukufuma) kucetyiswa ukuwucheba ebusika.

Ukogquma I-Pomegranates

©Marinda Louw
Ukogquma imithi ye pomegranates kuyacetyiswa ukweseka amahlahla aphethe iziqhamo ezisindayo. Xa isiqhamo sivuthwa, sehlisa amagqabi phantsi. Oku kuveza iziqhamo elangeni kwaye kungenza iziqhamo zitshe kakhulu. Isixhobo sokusitha esibubume obungu nobumba u’V’ sizakuxhasa amahlahla sivule umphakathi wesityalo ukuze ilanga lingene ngcono kwaye lizakuvumela okokuba isifafazi singene bhetele.
Ezinye iinzuzo zokogquma izityalo nazi:
Ukogquma kwehlisa amathuba omonakalo awenziwa ngumoya (ukuwa kweziqhamo). Iziqhamo ezikwi mithi eyogqunyiweyo azifane zizigudle kwezinye ngemini ezinomoya.
Azitshi lilanga. Ukogquma kuvumela amasebe akhule ngendlela ethile iziqhamo zikhuselekile ngamagqabi.
Ukogquma kwandisa indawo yokutyala iziqhamo.

Ukucheba Amahlala kwizi Qhamo

Intyantyambo ye pomegranates idubula kathathu ngo September ukuya ku November, oku kuthetha okokuba iziqhamo ziyavuthwa ngamatyeli athile kwaye izakufuneka ivunwe amaxesha athile. Ngesiqhelo, iintyatyambo ezifike kwangexesha zivelisa iziqhamo ezinkulu (ixesha lokukhula lide).
Iziqhamo ezininzi emithini zichaphazela ubungakanani beziqhamo kakubi kananjalo nobungakanani beziqhamo bexesha elizayo. Ukuchasa oku, ukucheba iziqhamo emveni kwenyanga ziphumile kuyanceda.
Kubalulekile ukucheba iziqhamo ezikhula ziliqela – khupha iziqhamo ezincinci. Amaqela eziqhamo enza indawo elungileyo ukuba izinambuzane nezifo zikhule. Nqumla iziqhamo ezonakeleyo kunye neziqhamo ezikhula kumasebe angomelelanga.

Ukutshiswa Lilanga kwe Pomegranates

©Marinda Louw
Ipomegranates zikhula kakhulu kwindawo ezishushu ezinamaqondo obushushu asehlotyeni aphakathi ko 32℃ no 35℃. Kwimithi esemincinci namasebe asembalwa, ukushushu obungamandla bungenza ukutshiswa lilanga kubonakale ngemibala emnyama emikhulu kwisikhumba sesiqhamo. Oku kwenza isiqhamo zinga thengiseki kwaye zingenza iziqhamo ziqhekeke.
Kungenziwa okuninzi ukuthintela ukutshiswa lilanga:
Ukulungisa isichumisi nonkcenkceshelo.
Ukufaka i-UV protection agents.
Ibegi ezenziwe ngamaphepha: oku ngalunganga kuquka impuphu (eyenziwa ngamaphepha ukuwahlikihla esikhumbeni), iinkumbi ziya kwazi ukungenela zonakalise iziqhamo nexabiso.
Inethi yomthunzi: ukuhlolwa keminatha yomthunzi eyohlukileyo kwi Riebeeck Valley iyenziwa kulonyaka (2019).
Sebenzisa indlela yokogquma izityalo.

Ukhuselo Lwezityalo ze Pomegranate

Alukho uphando oluninzi olwenziweyo eMzantsi Afrika ngenkumbi nezifo ze pomegranates, kodwa isifafazi ezintsha zesivuno zibhalisiwe okokuba zisetyenziswa kwi pomegranates phakathi konyaka ka 2014 no 2018. I – ‘Alternative Crops Fund’ yesebe le Zolimo lase Ntshona Koloni libekele bucala imali ezinkqubo zophuhliso lwezivuno. Oku kuncede ukonyusa itengiso yangaphandle ye pomegranates, njengoko kuncede ukuvula intengiso ezintsha ze pomegranates eMzantsi Afrika.
Eyona nkumbi ye pomegranate yi false codling moth. Ezinye ziquka i-aphids, mealy bug, scale, fruit fly, kunye ne thrips. Ithrips zingenza umonakalo wesikhumba okhokhelela okokuba siqhekeke kunye nokosuleleka okuphindekayo.
Ezona zifo ze pomegranate yi botrytis (crown rot), Alternaria (black heart), Phytophtera kunye ne bacterial blight.
Iingxaki ezibonakalayo ziquka ukuqhekeka ngaphakathi, ukuqhekeka kweziqhamo, ukonakala ngenxa yengqele kunye neziqhamo ezi ‘zidalwa’. Amaxesha amaninzi, iziqhamo ezizidalwa ziye zilungiswe egadini, kwaye oku kufuna nje ukulungiswa kancinci kwindawo yokupakishela.
Eyona nto ingaqhelekanga nge pomegranate kukuqhekeka kweziqhamo ezivuthiweyo kwaye ingonakalisa ukuya kuma 50% wesivuno. Ukuhlala unkcenkceshela kunye nesichumisi esisiso kunganciphisa umonakalo.

Translated by Zikhona Plaatjie