I-Hemp, uhlobo lwe Cannabis sativa olunamazinga aphantsi we cannabinoid THC - ingcoliswa ngumoya, isityalo esinegqabi elibanzi elikhula ngonyaka linengcambu ezikhula zinabe. Ilinyelwa imveliso yayo yamalaphu wentengiso yempahla, iintanga ze hemp zenza i-oli nezinye izinto.
Phantsi kwemeko ezilungileyo, ihemp ivela kwintsuku ezintathu ukuya kwezintlanu. Ikhula msinyane, ngesiqhelo idinga malunga nentsuku ezingama 120 ukuze ivuthwe, phantsi kwemeko yezulu eshushu engenabuzaza. Umyinge wembewu ne biomass (iziqu namagqabi) zisezantsi kwimeko ezimnyama nezipholileyo zezulu.
I-Hemp isisivuno semveliso ephezulu enokuvelisa i-oli eninzi kunama ndongomane nokuya kwisine sempuphu yephepha kune mithi ekumhlaba olinganayo. I-Hemp ingalinywa ngamanzi (indlela yolima esebenzisa amanzi wodwa kunye nezinongo ezifunekayo, hayi umhlaba.
Ukulungiswa Komhlaba Kulungiselelwa I-Hemp
I-Hemp ikhula kakuhle kwimihlaba efunxekileyo engaxinenanga ene pH ephakathi ko 6 no 7.5 kunye nobuninzi bezinongo - malunga nama 3.5%. Imihlaba efumileyo, engakhamekanga yomdongo ayilunganga kwaye nomhlaba onesanti udinga unkcenkceshelo olongezelekileyo kunye nokuchumisa kungabiza ixabiso eliphezulu.
Ukulungiswa kwe bhedi zembewu kubalulekile; ziqine kwaye zibukeke zezona zingcono ukuze kutyalwe imbewu ye hemp phakathi ko 2-3cm ubude. I-Hemp iyalinyamezela ikhephu ngexesha layo lokukhula kwaye idinga amanzi ngexesha leveki ezintandathu emveni kokutyalwa.
Ukuchumisa ihemp kufuneka kwenziwe ngoko hlaziyo lomhlaba, kodwa ke, ukongeza umoya we nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, ne sulphur kuyacetyisa okokuba zifakwe. I- Calcium akufunekanga ibengaphezulu ko 6 000 ppm.
Ungayityala Nini I-Hemp
Njengoko kuchaziwe yi Agricultural Research Council, indawo yolimo lwezivuno, isityalo se hemp asidibani nemini emfutshane. Ngokufanayo, usuku lokutyala lubalulekile ukuphuhlisa imveliso ye fibre ye hemp.
I-Hemp idinga ixesha lase hlotyeni elinobushushu bexesha elide nemini enobude obuphakathi ko 14 no 16 we yure. Usuku lokutyala kusengethuba lifana nenyanga ka Okthobha no Novemba kwiphondo lase Ntshona nase Mpuma Koloni lenza izityalo ezinde kunye nemveliso ephezulu ye fibre. Iintsuku ezimfutshane zenza izityalo zikhawuleze zidubule nokwehliswa kokukhula kwamagqabi, athi enze ukwehla kwemveliso ye fibre.
Ububanzi Bendawo Yokutyala I-Hemp
Ukwenza imiqolo kunye nobungakanani bembewu (ukuba ungatyala imbewu engakanani endaweni ethile) zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwimveliso ye hemp kuba zincedisana nokukhula, ubuninzi bemveliso kunye nomyinge wefibre wesityalo se hemp, itsho i-ARC. Amazinga aphezulu we mbewu kunye nemiqolo exineneyo phakath kwemiqolo leyo ingavelisa izityalo ezinde ezizakuvelisa amasebe amade kunye ne mbewu encinci. Ububanzi bokutyala kunye nobuzaza zichazwa luhlobo lwe hemp, umzekelo i-oli, fibre okanye imbewu. Umzekelo, ubuzaza bemveliso yembewu ende, yase Yurophu, izilimo ezisebenza ngeendlela ezohlukileyo zona zingaphantsi kwe mbewu ye oli yezilimo ze hemp.
Iinkumbi Kunye ne Zifo ze Hemp
Kulula ke ukukhulisa ihemp ngendlela engaxutywanga (organic). Idinga izibulali zinambuzane/ nkumbi ezimbalwa okanye ingazidingi kwaphela kuba ikhula ngoku khawuleza kwaye ibanomtsalane kwinkumbi ezimbalwa. Eneneni, isivuno sibulala ukhula, sicoce umhlaba kwaye ikulungele ukujikeleziswa kwezityalo ngenxa yexesha layo elifutshane lokuvuna elimalunga neentsuku ezingama 120.
I-Hemp ingakhuliswa njengesityalo esijikeleziswayo kunye nezivuno ne ngqolowa ezifana neembotyi, ingqolowa, kunye ne Lucerne ukuthintentela oko kuzisa izifo kunye nokwenzeka kwezifo. Izifundo ezenziwe eCanada, zona ke zichaza okokuba ihemp akufunekanga ityalwe emveni kwe canola, soybeans okanye sunflowers ngenxa yomgcipheko wesiqu se Sclerotinia stem rot (ukungunda okumhlophe).
Ukuvuna I-Hemp
Ukuvuna ihemp uvunela ifibre kulula kunokuvuna ihemp ukuvunela imbewu yayo. Ukuvuna ihemp ekhuliselwa ifibre, okusetyenziswa ekuvuneni isivuno sokutya kwezilwanyana kungasetyenziswa, kwaye yenza kakuhle ngaphandle kokuncediswa kakhulu.
Umtshini owaziwa njenge (straight sickle mower) ngowona ulungele ukuvuna ihemp ezakusetyenziselwa ukuthunga. Lendlela inqumla amagqabi ze neziqu zishiyeke zisomelele, zisame kakuhle kwaye zimiswe kakuhle emhlabeni. Omnye umatshini (haybines) awusebenzi kakuhle kuba isiqu eside siye sibhijeleke. Unganqumli ngaphantsi kwe 10 cm ngaphezulu komhlaba.
I-Hemp (yemveliso yembewu) ilungele ukuvunwa xa izityalo zembewu ziqalisa ukoma kwaye imbewu ivelile. Ikhephu liyanceda ekomiseni kwaye, ukuvuna kuyaqala kwintsuku ezimbalwa emveni kwekhephu. Umyinge oqhelekile we 750 kg/ha uyafumaneka kwelase Canada.
Iimpepha Mvume Zokukhulisa I-Hemp
Abalimi be hemp eMzantsi Afrika bathengisa imbewu kwaye badinga iimpepha mvume ezikhethekileyo ukuvumela ukuhanjiswa kwe ‘umgubo olawulwayo’. Iimpepha mvume zembewu zikhutshwa liSebe le Zolimo, Amahlathi nee Ntlanzi (DAFF). Kodwa ke bavumele ukutyala imbewu evunyiweyo yohlobo olusemthethweni elinamazinga aphantsi we 0.1% THC. Iimbewu zifumaneka eCzech Republic, Spain, e-USA nase France.
Iimpepha mvume zokukhulisa ihemp eMzantsi Afrika okwangoku zenziwa phantsi ‘kophando’ kwaye ayikafumaneki intengiso mveliso ye hemp. Amafama anqwenela ukulima ihemp kufuneka angenise isicelo sokwenza uphando xa befaka izicelo. Iimpepha zezicelo ziyafumaneka kwi ofisi ye South African Health Products Regulation Authority (SAHPRA) kwaye ixabiso lingama R902 werandi ngonyaka ka (2019).
Kwelase Canada, amafama we hemp, adinga imvume yokulima ihemp kufuneka anikeze nge mikhomba ndlela (GPS Coordinates) yee kona zendawo yokuvelisa ihemp, imephu yendawo yemveliso ye hemp ibonakalisa iindawo ezibalulekileyo ezingqongileyo kunye neendlela, igama lohlobo lwe hemp elizaku khuliswa kunye nokujongwa kokhuseleko.
Translated by Zikhona Plaatjie