Hemp - i muxaka wale hansi wa Cannabis sativa lowungana nhlayo yale hansi ya cannabinoid THC - yi endliwa pollination hi moya, ximilani xa lembe na lembe xa matluka yo anama lexingana timintsu to enta. Xibyaleriwa kuva xihumelerisa ti fibre to leha leti endlaka malapi ya swiambalo, hemp seeds leyi endlaka mafurha xikan’we na switirhisiwa swin’wana.
Ehansi ka swiyimo swa kahle, mbewu ya hemp yimila exikarhi ka masiku yanharhu kuya eka ntlhanu. Yi hatlisa ku kula, hi xitalo yilava kwalomu ka 120 wa masiku kuva yikule kuringanela, laha yitsakelaka xiyimo lexi kufumelaka naku vonakala. Mbuyelo wa mbewu na biomass (tshindi na matluka) wuva ehansi laha kunga dzwihala xikan’we naku titimela.
Hemp i ximilani lexi humelelaka hi xiyimo xale henhla lexinga vuyerisaka mafurha yotala swinene kutlula timanga naswona xinga humelerisa ka mune eka paper pulp kutlula misinya eka ndzhawu leyi ringanaka. Hemp yinga tlhela yi rimiwa hindlela ya (vurimi lebyi tirhisaka mati na swakudya swa nkoka, naswona kungari misava).
Ndzulamiso Wa Misava Ya Hemp
Hemp yi mila kahle swinene eka misava leyi tswongaka mati ya loam leyingana pH yale xikarhi ka 6 na 7.5 leyinga taleriwa hi swakudya - kwalomu ka 3.5 %. Kutlhuma, laha misava yakona yinga tswongeki kahle mati yiri ya vumba naswona ayi lulamelanga kukatsa na misava ya sandi yita lava ncheleto wo engetelela na manyoro leswi swinga durhaka.
Kululamisiwa ka seedbed swina nkoka; Ku tiya naku vevuka hiswona swa kahle leswaku kuta byariwa mbewu ya hemp exikarhi ka 2 - 3cm hi vuenti. Hemp yi chava ngopfu gwitsi loko mbewu yaha mila naswona yilava mati eka mavhiki yosungula ya ntsevu endzhaku ka kubyariwa.
Ku nonisiwa ka hemp swifanele kuya hi ndzavisiso wa misava, hi ntolovelo, ku engeteriwa ka nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus na sulphur swa hlohleteriwa. Calcium ayi fanelanga kuva yiva ehenhla ka 6 000 ppm.
Nkarhi Wo Byala Hemp
Tani hileswi swihlamuseriweke hiva Agricultural Research Council’s industrial crops facility, ximilani xa hemp axi kumani na siku roka ringa lehangi. Leswi vulaka leswaku nkarhi wobyala wuna nkoka swinene ku endlela leswaku kuta humelerisiwa fibre ya hemp.
Hemp yilava ximumu xokufumela no leha xikan’we na siku leringa leha kwalomu ka 14 na 16 wa ti awara. Nkarhi wo hatlisa wo byala kufana na October kuya eka November e Eastern nale Western Cape swita endla leswaku swimilani swakona swiva swilehile swinene swiva na mbuyelo wale henhla wa fibre. Masiku yokoma ya endla leswaku ku hatla kuva na mabilomu naswona swihunguta kukula ka matluka, leswi swihungutaka vuhumelerisi bya fibre.
Ku Anama Ka Kubyariwa Ka Hemp
Kusiyiwa ka xipesi eka mintila xikan’we na nhlayo ya mbewu (kuna mbewu yotani hikwihi leyi byariwaka eka ndzhawu yokarhi) i swilo swin’wana swankoka eka vuhumelerisi bya hemp hikuva swihlohletela kukula, vuhumelerisi bya biomass na mbuyelo wa fibre eka ximilani xa hemp, kuya hi va ARC. Nhlayo yale henhla ya mbewu naku siya xipesi xintsongo exikarhi ka mintila swita humelerisa fibre yo leha swinene naswona kuva na mbewu yintsongo. Ku anama ka mabyalelo xikan’we na ntlimbano swiya hi muxaka wa hemp, i.e. mafurha, fibre kumbe mbewu. Xikombiso, kutlhuma ka mbewu swihumelerisa swimilani leswo leha, European, muxaka wa swikongomelo swimbirhi leyingale hansi eka muxaka wa oilseed hemp.
Switsotswana Na Mavabyi Ya Hemp
Hemp yi olovile kuyi byala kungari na swononisa. Yi lava swidlaya switsotswana swintsongo swinene tani hileswi yikulaka hiku hatlisa naswona ayi vitani switsotswana swotala. Kahle kahle, ximilani lexi xidlaya nhova yin’wana, xibasisa misava naswona xilulamerile ku cinca cinciwa ka swibyariwa, hikokwalaho ka leswi xihatlisaka kutshoveriwa endzhaku ka kwalomu ka 120 wa masiku.
Hemp yinga byariwa tani hi swimilani swo cinca cinca xikan’we na swibyariwa swotani hiti bean, wheat na lucerne kusivela switsotswana na mavabyi kuva ya akela. Vulavisisi byale Canada, hambiswiritano, byi kombisa leswaku hemp ayi fanelangi ku byariwa endzhaku ka canola, soybeans kumbe sunflowers hikokwalaho ka khombo ra mavabyi ya Sclerotinia stem rot (white mold).
Ntshovelo Wa Hemp
Ku tshoveriwa ka hemp ya fibre swi olova kutlula ku tshoveriwa ka hemp yi tshoveleriwa mbewu. Ku tshovela hemp leyinga byaleriwa fibre, switirhisiwa leswi tirhisiwaka ku tshovela swibyariwa swa forage swinga tirhisiwa, leswi tirhaka kahle swinene hi xitalo kungari na leswi swinga engeteleriwa.
Sikiri/khava ro lulama hirona ringa ringanela kuva kutshoveriwa hemp kuta endliwa malapi. Xitirhisiwa lexi xisiya tinhu leti tsemeiweke taha khomelerile, titshame kahle naswona tindlariwe kahle ehansi. Haybines ayi tirhi kahle tani hileswi tinho toleha tisalelaka eka yona. Tsema kambe tinga komi kuhundza 10 cm ehenhla ka misava.
Hemp (ya mbewu) yi lulamele ntshovelo loko swibalakatsa swa mbewu swi omile naswona mbewu se yivonakala. Gwitsi rita pfuneta swinene eka ku oma naswona hi xitalo, ntshovelowuvakona masiku nyana endzhaku ka gwitsi. Ntshovelo wale xikarhi wa 750 kg/ha wa fikeleriwa e Canada.
Mpfumelelo Wo Byala Hemp
Varimi va hemp e Afrika Dzonga vaxavisela matiko yale handle mbewu naswona swilava mpfumelelo wo hlawuleka kuva va xavisela matiko yalawa hikuva kuri ‘controlled substance’. Mpfumelelo wa mbewu wunyikeriwa hiva Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF). Vapfumeleriwe ntsena kubyala mbewu leyi tiyisisiweke ya muxaka lowu pfumeleriweke lowunga ehansi ka 0.1% THC. Mbewu ya kumeka kusuka e Czech Republic, Spain, USA na France.
Mpfumelelo waku byala hemp e Afrika Dzonga sweswi wu endliwa ehansi ka vulavisisi naswona awuse kumeka leswaku yita byaleriwa ku xavisiwa. Van’wamapurasi lavaha taka va hemp vafanele ku yisa matsalwa ya vulavisisi lebyi vakunguhataka ku byi endla xikan’we na swikombelo swavona. Tifomo ta swikombelo tinga kumeka kusuka eka tihofisi ta South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA) naswona swita durha R902 (2019).
E Canada, varimi va hemp lava lavaka mpfumelelo ku rima hemp vafanele varhumela vuxokoxoko bya GPS bya ndzhawu leyi vanga ta rima eka yona hemp, mepe wa ndzhawu ya vuhumelerisi lowu kombaka mapatu na tindzhawu letitivekaka, vito ra muxaka wa hemp lowungata byariwa xikan’we naku kamberiwa hi maphorisa loko ku hlayisekile laha vangata byala kona.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni