Hemp (Cannabis sativa) i ximilani xa khale swinene lexi axi byariwa misava hinkwayo kuringana malembe lawa yotala kukatsa nale xikarhi ka malembe yava 20th century. Hiva 1930s kuya eka 40s ku byariwa ka yona kuye ehansi swinene hikokwalaho ka milawu leyi ayi yirisa vurimi bya hemp xikan’we na kutirhisiwa ka switirhisiwa swa hemp.
Hemp fibre yitirhisiwa eka malapi yotiya swinene, switirhisiwa swo aka na maphepha. Mbewu ya hemp yina nhlayo yale henhla yati antioxidants, fatty acids, minerali, nati vitamin loko ximilani hixoxe xipfuneta ku tshamisekisa misava. Loko mafurha ya hemp, lawa ya humaka eka tinyungu kumbe eka ximilani hi xoxe, ya tirhisiwa eka swakudya, swotola nhlonge, kutirhisiwa eka swa vumaki xikan’we nakuva murhi wotshungula.
Xana I Yini Hemp
Industrial hemp na marijuana (leyi tivekaka tani hi ‘dagga’) i swilo swimbirhi swohambana kambe swiwela ehansi ka ndyangu wun’we, Cannabis sativa. Hemp yile hansi hi euphoric cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) na nhlayo yale henhla ya cannabidiol (CBD). Hemp yi hlamuseriwa tani hi xiphemu xin’wana na xin’wana xa ximilani xa cannabis laha nhlayo ya THC yinga 0.3% (w/w) kumbe yintsongo. Hikokwalaho ka nhlayo yale hansi ya THC, hemp yina maendlelo lawa ya endliwaka hi marijuana eka munhu. CBD, leyinga kona eka hemp na marijuana, yitirhisiwa kutshungula mavabyi yofana na epilepsy na Parkinson.
Hemp yi kula hiku hatlisa, mitsebyani leyi kulelaka ehenhla na matluka lawa yanga na switlukani swa ntlhanu kuya eka nkombo. I ximilani lexingana mintirho yotala swinene lexi milaka hiku byariwa hi rhavi kumbe hi mbewu. Hemp fibre yitirhisiwa ku endla malapi ya swiambalo, maphepha, tintambhu, insulation na biofuel loko mbewu ya hemp yitirhisiwa tani hi swakudya swa swifuwo na vanhu. Tinyungu titlhela titirhisiwa ku humesa mafurha lawa yanga fuwa hi omega ya hemp lawa ya tirhisiwaka ku tsakamisa, eka tipende, inks, ti plastiki na swotola swa nhlonge swotani hiti shampoo na swisibi. Leswi salaku loko ku humesiwe mafurha (hemp seed cake) swifuwile swinene hiti protein naswona swinga tirhisiwa tani hi swakudya swa swifuwo kumbe swilulamisiwa leswaku swiva fulawuri ya hemp leyi teleke ti protein kuva yi dyiwa hi vanhu.
Vuhumelerisi Bya Hemp Emisaveni Hinkwayo
Vahumelerisi nkulu emisaveni hinkwayo va hemp kutshama kuri tiko ra China. Kahle kahle, kutirhisiwa rosungula loku tsarisiweke ka hemp akuri e tikweni ra China hi lembe ra 300 A.D. naswona vurimi bya hemp leswaku yita xavisiwa swiyile emahlweni kungari na ku nghenelela ka vulawuri. Kutirhisiwa lokukulu ka hemp e China akuri ka swakudya na fibre (ya vumaki bya swiambalo) naswona swipfunete rixaka ku hanya kungari na mpfumaleko wa swakudya. Ku pimanyetiwa leswaku tiko ra China rina kwalomu ka kutlula 100 000 ha ta hemp.
Vuhumelerisi bya tiko ra Canada bya hemp byi tlakukile hikwalomu ka 80% exikarhi ka 2016 na 2017 kuya eka 56 000 ha. Canada yi veke tihlo ngopfu eka kukuma mafurha, mapa ya ti protein ya hemp xikan’we na tinyungu ta hemp (hemp hearts). Tiko ra United States ri tlakuse kanharhu vuhumelerisi bya hemp kusukela loko ku pasisiwe nawu wa 2018 Farm Bill, lowu pfumelelaka ku rimiwa leswaku kuta xavisiwa hemp. Vuhumelerisi bya mafurha ya CBD i swihumelerisiwa nkulu swa yona eka vuhumelerisi bya hemp e USA.
Vahumelerisi nkulu van’wana va hemp emisaveni i tiko ra France (arise tshama ri yirisiwa), Chile (kurima exihundleni swipfumeleriwile) nale North Korea (ari yirisiwangi). North Korea yi byala hemp eka swavuhumelerisi, kambe kuti nghenelerisa eka vurimi bya marijuana cannabis i nandzu lowu hetelelaka hi xigwevo xa rifu.
Swipimelo Swa Vurimi Bya Hemp
E Afrika Dzonga, kurimiwa ka hemp swaha wela ehansi ka milawu ya cannabis naswona swiendla leswaku switekiwa tani hi swibyariwa leswi lawuriwaka - leswinga hambanangiki na marijuana, kuya hi Gill Staniland mutumbuluxi wa Cannabis Industry Development Cooperative of the Western Cape (CIDCWC). CIDCWC i nhlangano lowu vekaka tihlo eka milawu leyinga kongomisiwa eka sayense na vutivi lebyinga kona sweswi eka ximilani xa cannabis na switirhisiwa swakona.
Ahile Afrika Dzonga ntsena laha vuhumelerisis bya hemp byinga yirisiwa, leswingariki kuya hi mpfumaleko wa vutivi kusuka eka mfumo. Vulavisisi byale Canada lebyi humesiweke hi 2015, byikombise swipimelo swokarhi eka kutirhisiwa ka hemp ku endla switirhisiwa swin’wana. Leswi swikatsa miehleketo ya vanhu leyingariki kahle, milawu leyi sivelaka ngopfu ya swilaveko xikan’we nampfumaleko wa vuswikoti bya thekinoloji.
E USA, vuhumelerisi byi pimiwile hikwalaho ka milawu naswona eka matiko ya nkaye yale US, vuhumelerisi bya hemp abyiseva enawini. Swipimelo swin’wana i ndzindza khombo, mpfuno wa timali eka vurimi bya hemp xikan’we na mphakelo wa mbewu yakona. Van’wamapurasi vale US vakuma mbewu kusuka ematikweni ya Europe na Canada.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni