Le phayinaphu lenengcongwane lemise kwe (Ananas cosmosus) sitselo sendzawo leshisako lenetitselo eNingizimu Afrika phindze ikhula etigodzini letishisako emhlabeni wonkhe. Lesitselo sililunga lemndeni we Bromeliaceae, lekuyindalo yendzawo leshisako yema America. Sitjalo lesigucukako kulomndeni lesinalokungetulu kwemacembu latinkhulungwane letintsatfu nemakhulu lamane nemashumi lasikhombisa, lekusho kutsi liningi liyatiwa etingadzeni tetitjalo.
Lophayinaphu sowuvetiwe kumasiko amandvulo ema America lapho kwasetjentiswa njengesitselo lesinsha, kumutsi, bese le fibre yalamacembe isetjentiswa njengeliyadi noma indvwangu letsite.
Kuhlanyelwa Kwa Phayinaphu
Bophayinaphu labavutsiwe nga vitamin C, sitselo lesihlangene semagungumence lamancane lahlangene ndzawonye, akhicitwa njengesitselo sinye lesakheke emkhatsini welicembu leligocene lwemacembe lahluma kusuka kulihlanga lelicinile. Lesitjalo sendzawo leshisako sicolela kufutfumala, kubanebumantana kanye netimo letite sitfwatfwa phindze sihlume kahle lapho kunesihlabatsi khona, umhlabatsi lone esidi lencane.
Bophayinaphu bavunwa kabili njalo emva kwemnyaka wesihlanu. Sivuno sekucala siku tinyanga letimashumi lamabili nesitfupha kuya kumashumi lamatsatfu bese sivuno sesibili sikutinyanga letilishumi nesiphohlongo muva. Lokuhlanyelwa kwaphayinaphu kutfusa kwentela kuciniseka kutsi lophayinaphu angavunwa ngemalanga umnyaka wonkhe. Kuvunwa kwa phayinaphu eNingizimu Afrika kucala ngenyanga yeNdlovu Lenkhulu bese kuchubeka kute kufike emkhatsini wenyanga yeNgongoni.
Kukhona tinhlobo letimbili letingito taphayinaphu wentsengo letihluma eNingizimu Afrika, lelicembe lelitsambile iCayenne (kakhulu ikhicitwa eEastern Cape) Lendlovukazi yelicembe-lemanyeva (lekhicitwa kakhulu eKwaZulu-Natal).
Indlovukazi iyanongotela phindze itsengiswa kakhulu njengesitselo lesisha, ibe iCayenne ilinani lelidze futsi iphakeme ngekutfwala ijusi lekuyenta ilungele kukhicita kube yijusi kanye nemikhicito yaphayinaphu lefakwa etikoteleni nasemabhodleleni.
Umlandvo We Mkhicito Waphayinaphu
Lomfundzi longu Christopher Columbus wacala ‘ngekutfola’ lophayinaphu ngemnyaka wa 1493 endzaweni ye Guadalupe ku Lesser Antilles lese Lwandle lwase Caribbean.
Kanyekanye ne Portuguese kuya eNingizimu Afrika nase Central America, lesitselo sasakaka e eastwards kuya eSaint Helena, ngako iMadagascar nase India ngeminyaka ya 1540. Kuhlanyelwa kwesitselo kwabikwa eNepal ngemnyaka wa 1601, iSingapore ngemnyaka wa 1637, ne Taiwan ngemnyaka wa 1650.
Lokuhlanyelwa ekucaleni kwa phayinaphu akukabukwa njengesitselo lesinenyama kepha phindze ngefibre kanye nekusetjentiswa ngaletinye tindlela. Ngeminyaka ya 1570, emaPhilippines bekakha indvwangu nge pina kusukaku fibre yemacembe aphayinaphu, iMalaysia isetjentiswa njengentfo yekubeleka kanye nemnotfo wema Europe ukhulisa lesitjalo njengesitjalo sasengadzeni, kufaka Inkhosi Louis XV endlini yakhe leluhlata eVersailles.
Kuhlanyelwa kwaphayinaphu wentsengo kwacala ngekuhlanyelwa kwe Cayenne eWest Indies nase Hawaii. Lonaphayinaphu lobitwa ngemuva kwe Cayenne, lidolobha lelikhulu le French Guiana kusuka lapho titjalo letisihlanu tatsatfwa talinywa. Kuze kube ngumnyaka wemashumi lamabili, lenhlanyelo ‘iCayenne Lemelula’ yakhulisa lemakethe yaphayinaphu kuze kubengulapho lenhlanyelo yaphayinaphu iMD-2 yatsatsa njengentfo lehamba phambili yaphayinaphu losemusha.
Ngenca yemphilo yaseshelufini lemfisha ya phayinaphu, kuhanjiswa, kutsengiswa ngetindlela letimfisha kanye netindlela tekufakwa etikoteleni waphindze wakhuliswa ngasemkhicitweni wentsengo wesitselo. Lokunakekako kakhulu lelitiko lekufakwa etikoteleni ngemnyaka wandvulo ngelishumi nemfica kanye nekukhula kujusi yaphayinaphu ngeminyaka ya 1980 lokufakelwe kulophayinaphu ngekuba sitselo sesitsatfu lesikhulu emahlabeni wonkhe nemkhicito wemnyaka wemathani latigidzi letimashumi lamabili nesihlanu (2018), ngemuva kwabhanana na mangoza.
Bophayinaphu betfulwa eNingizimu Afrika ngemnyaka wa 1860 futsi wahlanyelwa esifundzeni sase KwaZulu-Natal, bese muva betfulwa eEastern Cape.
Umkhicito Wa Phayinaphu Wemhlaba
Lokusetulu kulokutsatfu mhlabawonkhe kwemkhicito waphayinaphu yi Costa Rica, iBrazil ne Philippines, konkhe kukhicita ngetulu kwetigidzi letingu 2.5 wemathani ngemnyaka. iCosa Rica ne Brazil tinika iUS kanye ne Europe, ibe iPhilippines ihambisa phayinaphu lomusha kakhulu eJapan nase Korea.
eAfrika, phayinaphu ukhicitwa eAngola, eTanzania naleminye imikhicito lese Ningizimu Afrika - ngaphansi kwemathani latinkhulungwane ngemnyaka. Ku 80% wemkhicito waphayinaphu wase Ningizimu Afrika kubekelwe kwakhiwa (kwenhlanyelo ye Cayenne), lolokusele (ikakhulu Indlovukazi) itsengiswa emakethe yendzawo yetitselo.
Kusetjentiswa Kwa Phayinaphu
Bophayinaphu baphakeme ngavitamin C, fibre yekutinaka, icalcium, imanganese ne potassium. Lesitselo siphindze sibe yindlela yekugaya phindze netintfo tekususa kushisa ngenca ye bromelian. iBromelian licembu le sulphur-lelitfwele emaprotein-lagayako ienzymes phindze ingasetjentiswa njengentfo letsambisa inyama, kwentela kukhulisa lobumantana kusinatfo, kumidvwebo kanye nakutintfo tetikhumba letitsanjisiwe.
iBromelian ngendlela yemphuphu, ikhilimu, emaphilisi noma tintfo tekungetetela kudla kungalapha kushisa lokufana nekuvimbana kwemakhala kanye nebuhlungu bematsambo phindze kufakwe ngetulu, etilondzeni phindze nasekususeni sikhumba lesifile esilondzeni sekusha.
Kushiyana ngalenhlanyelo, lophayinaphu udliwa njengesitselo lesinsha noma lesifakwa emabhodleni noma etikoteleni, wentiwe ube yijusi, jamu kanye ne chutney. Phindze kutsiwa ijusi yaphayinaphu inciphisa timphawu letikhomba kugula. Phayinaphu losesemusha ufakwa ku currie, uhlangana kahle ne ham kanye naletinye tinyama futsi ungentiwa kutsi ukhokhe inyama lenongotelako lebitwa ngekutsi yi nata de pina.
Emacembe lamancane aphayinaphu adliwa njengesibhidvo eAfrika futso nesitselo lesingakavutfwa lesinaphoyizini lesisetjentiswa njengephoyizini ngetintfo letincama. Le fibre kumacembe aphayinaphu isetjentiswa ekulukeni tindvwangu, ekwakheni ticatfulo, kwenta emanethi ekudvweba kanye nekuluka kwekugaba.
Translated by Phindile Malotana