Ipayina elimile okwe pine-cone (Ananas cosmosus) sisiqhamo esikhula kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo kwilizwe loMzantsi Afrika. Esi siqhamo silinywa kuyo yonke imimandla efudumeleyo nenganqatyelwanga zimvula kwihlabathi lonke liphela. Esi siqhamo sikusapho lwe Bromeliaceae, nekhula kwindawo ezifudumeleyo zase Melika. Kolusapho lwe Bromeliaceae, kukho iindidi eziingaphaya kwama 3470 zezityalo, nalapho unintsi lwazo luzizityalo ezithandwayo zase gadini.
Ipayna lalithandwa kwase mandulo ngabami bokuqala base Melika, nalapho lalisetyenziswa njengesiqhamo esityiwa sinjalo, emayezeni. Kwaye iifaybha zamagqabi zesetyenziswa njengamalaphu.
Ulimo Lwama Payina
Amapayina azele yi Vitamin C, isiqhamo ezingamagaqa amancinci axineneyo, avela njengesiqhamo esinye esikhula kwiqela lamagqabi akhula kwisiqu esityebileyo. Esi siqhamo sikholwa yimozulu efudumeleyo, engenaqabaka. Kwaye sikhula kakuhle kwimihlaba eyi santi ene asidi engephi.
Amapayina avunwa kabini emva kweminyaka emihlanu. Isivuno sokuqala sibakho kwinyanga ezimalunga nama 26 ukuya kuma 30 eenyanga ze esesibini sibekho emva kweenyanga ezili 18 emva kwesi sokuqala. Ukulinywa kwama payina kuyaqelelaniswa ngokwamaxesha ukuqinisekisa ukuba kuhlala kukho isivuno phantse unyaka wonke. Ukuvunwa kwama payina eMzantsi Afrika kuqala ngenyanga ka Matshi ukuya embindini kweka Disemba.
Kukho iindidi ezimbini zama payina akhuliselwa intengiso eMzantsi Afrika. Kukho iCayenne, nenamagqabi ampuluswa (iveliswa kakhulu kwiphondo le Mpuma Koloni) kunye ne Queen enamagqabi ahlabayo (neveliswa kakhulu kwiPhondo laKwaZulu-Natal).
Indidi ye Queen inencasa eswiti ukodlula iCayenne kwaye ivamise ukuthengiswa njenge siqhamo, logama iCayenne ibankulu ngokomlinganiselo kwaye inamanzi amaninzi. Oku ke kwenza ukuba iCayenne kubelula ukwenza ngayo ijusi kunye nezinye iimveliso zama payina ankonkxiweyo.
iMbali ngeMveliso Yama Payina
Umhambi uChristopher Columbus waqala ‘ukufumana’ ipayina ngomnyaka ka 1493 kwisiqithi se iGuadalupe esikwi Lesser Antilles ku Lwandle lwe Caribbean.
Nabanye abahambi bama Portuguese baye basibona esi siqhamo kuMzantsi noMbindi Melika. Esi siqhamo sanwenwela empuma kwisiqithi se Saint Helena, ze saya kwelase Madagasca kunye nelizwe lase India ngomnyaka yoo 1540. Ukulinywa kwesi siqhamo kwachazwa kwelase Nepal ngomnyaka ka 1601, Singapore ngomnyaka ka 1637, kunye nase Taiwan ngomnyaka ka 1650.
Ukuqala kokulinywa kwe payina akuzange kujolise nje kuphela ekuveliseni isiqhamo, koko nakwi faybha kunye neminye imisebenzi. Ngeminyaka yoo 1570, abantu base Philippine babesele besenza amalaphu nge faybha yamagqabi epayna. Abase Malaysia babeyisebenzisa ukucwangcisa ze izinhanha zase Europe ziyilima kwiigadi zazo njengesiqhamo sokuhombisa. Nkqu no Kumkani uLouis XV wayeyityalile kwi ndlu yakhe yokutyala (greenhouse) eVersailles.
Ulimo lwentengiso lwama payina lwaqala ngendidi ye Cayenne kwelase West Indies kunye ne Hawaii. Eli payina lathiywa nge Cayenne, indawo engu ndlunkulu wase French Guiana nalapho izityalo ezihlanu zakhuliswa khona. Ukufikelela kwi sentyuri 20, indidi ebizwa nge ‘Smooth Cayenne’ yayisele ihamba phambili kwi makethi yama payina de kwafika indidi ye MD-2 neyathatha indawo yayo njenge payina elihamba phambili.
Ngenxa yokonakala msinya kwama payina, uthutho lwama payina, iindlela ezimfutshane zothutho zaye zenziwa kunye nemveliso yentengiso yesi siqhamo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo lushishino lokunkonxwa kwama payina nge sentyuri 19 kunye nokwanda kwe jusi eyenziwe ngama payina kwiminyaka yooo 1980. Oku kwabanegalelo elikhulu ekubeni ama payina abengawesithathu kuluhlu lweziqhamo ezikhula kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo kwihlabathi lonke. Esi siqhamo sabanemveliso ezizigidi ezingama 25 ngomnyaka ka 2018, silandela emva kwe banana kunye nee mango.
Ama payina afika eMzantsi Afrika ngomnyaka ka 1860, aze aqala ukulinywa kwiPhondo la KwaZulu-Natal, ekuhambeni kwexesha lalinywa nakwi Phondo lase Mpuma Koloni.
Imveliso Yama Payina Ehlabathini
Amazwe amathathu ahamba phambili ekuveliseni amapayina kwihlabathi liphela yi Costa Rica, Brazil kunye ne Philippines. Onke lamazwe avelisa isibalo esingaphaya kwe 2.5 yezigidi zee toni ngonyaka. Ilizwe le Costa Rica nelae Brazil athengisela ilizwe lase US kunye nawase Europe, logama elase Philippines lithengisela amazwe ase Japan ne Korea.
Kwilizwekazi lase Afrika, amapayina aveliswe kumazwe ase Angola, Tanzania kunye nemveliso engephi kwilizwe loMzantsi Afrika-nengaphantsi kwee tonu ezingama 100 000 ngonyaka. Malunga nama 80% emveliso yama payina oMzantsi Afrika asetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ezinye iimveliso (indidi ye Cayenne), logama amanye (ingakumbi indidi ye Queen) ethengiselwa ukutyiwa enjalo.
Imisebenzi yePayina
Amapayina azele yi vitamin C, dietary fibre, calcium, manganese kunye ne potassium. Esi siqhamo sikwanceda ekucoleni ukutya esiswini kwaye sikwanazo ne anti-inflammatory properties kuba ine bromelian content. iBromelian liqela le sulphur-eliqulathe ii-enzymes ezicola iproten. Isenoku setyenziswa ukuthambisa inyama, ukusombulula igelatin kwiziselo, kwipeyinti ezine latex naseku sukeni ufele.
Ibromelian engumgubo, icream, iipilisi okanye njenge dietary supplement inganyanga izigulo ezifumbayo ezifana ne sinutisis kunye nesifo samathambo. Ingaqatywa nase sikhumbeni ukunyanga izilonga isuse nesikhumba esifileyo emanxebeni okutsha.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwindidi, amapayina angatyiwa enjalo ngengesiqhamo okanye ankonkxwe, kwenziwe ngawo ijusi, ijem kunye nee chutney. Kukwathiwa ama payina anciphisa neempawu zezigulo eziphathelene nokuhamba okanye ukuphakamisa iingalo. Amapayina anga dityaniswa kwiizidlo ze curry, ahambelana kakuhle ne ham kunye nezinye iinyama. Asenokuvundiswa ukuvelisa inyama eswiti ebizwa nge nata de pina.
Ama payina aselula atyiwa njenge siqhamo kwilizwekazi lase Afrika, ze isiqhamo esingekavuthwa esiyityhefu siqatywe kubutsolo bamatola. Ifaybha ekuma gqabi ama payna isetyenziswa ukwenza amalaphu, ukwenza izihlangu, iminatha yokuloba kunye nokuhlohla ubuhlali.
Translated by Zizipho Silwana