Ipenabhula i-(Ananas cosmosus) ebumbeke njenge-pine-cone isithelo setrophiki eSewula Afrika begodu sitjalwa nakezinye iindawo zetrophiki ephasini mazombe. Isithelwesi siyilunga lomndeni we-Bromeliaceae, odabuka etrophiki ye-America. Kusitjalo somndeni ongafaniko onemihlobo engaphezulu kuka 3470, inengi laso okuziintjalo zengadi ezaziwa khulu.
Ipenabhula yayisetjenziswa emandulo emasikweni we-America lapho egade isetjenziswa njengesithelo esifretjhi, eenhlahleni zoomndeni, besekuthi umthiya wamakari usetjenziswe njengepahla.
Ukulima Amapenabhula
Amapenambula azele ivithamini C, ama-compound wesithelo seemomori eziputjuziweko, akhiqizwa njengesithelo sinye esibumbeke phakathi kwesiqhema samakari akhulu esiqwini esidege. Isitjalo setrophiki lesi sibhederisa itlayimethi efuthumeleko, emanzana, nenganambethe begodu sikhula kuhle ehlabathini eyisanda, ene-esidi kancani.
Amapenambula avunwa kabili eminyakeni emihlanu. Isivuno sokuthoma sivunwa eenyangeni eziyi-26 ukuya ku-30 kuthi sesibili sivunwe ngemva kweenyanga ezi-18. Ukutjalwa kwamapenambula kuyajanyiswa ukwenza isiqiniseko sokobana amapenambula avunwa qobe ilanga pheze unyaka woke. Ukuvunwa kwamapenambula eSewula Afrika kuthoma ngenyanga ka-Ntaka kuragele phambili kufikela phakathi kwenyanga kaNobayeni.
Kunemihlobo emibili ekulu yamapenambula etjaliwa eSewula Afrika, leyo enamakari atjhelelako i-Cayenne (ikhiqizwa khulu e-Eastern Cape) bese kuba ngenamakari ahlabako i-thorny-leaf Queen (ikhiqizwa khulu KwaZulu-Natal).
I-Queen isudu khudlwana begodu ithengiswa njengesithelo esifretjhi, bese kuthi ubukhulu nejuzi enengi emumethwe yi-Cayenne iyenze ifanele ukuprosesiwa ukwenza amajuzi kunye nemikhiqizo yepenabhula ekheniweko.
Umlando Wokukhiqizwa Kwepenabhula
Umhloli u-Christopher Columbus wathola kokuthoma ipenambula ngo-1493 esihlengeleni se-Guadalupe e-Lesser Antilles ku-Caribbean Sea.
Ngokukhamba nabahloli bama-Portuguese ukuya e-Sewula naphakathi kwe-America, isithelwesi sasabalala ukuyaphezulu epumalanga kufikela esihlengeleni se-Saint Helena, kwalandela i-Madagascar ne-India ngabo-1950s. Ukulinywa kwesithelwesi kwabikwa e-Nepal ngo-1601, e-Singapore ngo-1637, kunye ne-Taiwan ngo-1650.
Ekuthomeni ukulinywa kwamapenabhula bekungakaqali kwaphela iinthelo ezifretjhi kodwana bekuqale nomthiya kunye neminye imisebenzi. Ngabo-1650s, Ama-Philippines bekenza itjhila le-pina ngomthiya wamakari wepenabhula, Ama-Malaysians bekayisebenzisa njengendlela yokuvikela ukubasidisi begodu ama-Europeans anjingileko bekayitjala njengesitjalo esihle sengadini, kufaka hlangana u-King Louis XV ku-greenhouse yakhe e-Versailles.
Ukulinywa kwepenabhula kwathoma ngokulinywa kwe-Cayenne e-West Indies ne-Hawaii. Ipenabhula ethiyelelwe ngegama le-Cayenne, okuyidorobha le-French Guiana lapho iintjalo ezihlanu zathathwa khona. Kufikela nge-20th century, ukulinywa kwe-‘Smooth Cayenne’ kwakukhamba phambili emakethe yamapenabhula kufikela lapho amapenabhula we-MD-2 atoma ukkhamba phambili njenge penabhula efretjhi.
Ngonobangela wokobana ipenabhula ibola msinya, ukuthuthwa isuswe eplasini ukuya eentolo, ukusebenzisa iindlela ezifishani namathekniki wokuyibulunga bona ingaboli enziwa lokha nakuthoma ukukhiqizwa isithelwesi. Ngokubonakalako i-industri yokukhena eyasungulwa nge-19th century nokukhula kokuthengwa kwejuzi yepenabhula ngabo-1980s kwabanomthelela ekutheni ipenabhula ibesithelo sesithathu hlangana neenethelo zoke zetrophiki ephasini ezithandwako ngomkhiqizo olingana ne-25 miliyoni yamathani (2018), ilandela amabanana nemengo.
Amapenabhula alethwa eSewula Afrika ngo-1860 begodu atjalwa kokuthoma esifundeni saKwaZulu-Natal, muva atjalwa e-Eastern Cape.
Umkhiqizo Wepenabhula Ephasini Mazombe
Abakhiqizi abaphezulu abathathu bephasini bepenabhula yi-Costa Rica, Brazil kunye ne-Philippines, zoke zikhiqiza amathani angaphezulu kuka 2.5 miliyoni qobe nyaka. I-Costa Rica kunye neBrazil zithengisela i-US kunye ne-Europe, besekuthi i-Philippines ithengisele khulukhulu i-Japan ne-Korea amapenabhula afretjhi.
E-Afrika, amapenabhula akhiqizwa e-Angola, e-Tanzania kuthi omunye umkhiqizo ongaphasi kwe 100 000 yamathani qobe nyaka ukhiqizwe eSewula Afrika. Umkhiqizo wamapenabhula ongaba yi-80% we-Sewula Afrika uyaprosesiwa (i-Cayenne elinyiweko), kuthi eseleko (khulukhulu umhlobo we-Queen) uthengiswe emamakethe wekhethu athengisa iinthelo ezifretjhe.
Ukusetjenziswa Kwamapenabhula
Amapenabhula azele ivithamini C, umthiya, i-calcium, i-manganese kunye ne-potassium. Isithelwesi sirhelebha ekwenzeni indeni isebenze kuhle begodu inama-anti-inflammatory properties ngonobangela wokumumatha i-bromelian. I-Bromelian isiqhema esimumethe i-sulphur namaprotheyini we-enzymes arhelebha indeni begodu ingasetjenziswa nokwenza bona inyama ithambe/-meathe tenderiser, ukukhuphula i-solubility yama-gelatin eenselweni, emapendeni we-latex nekuhlubeni ileda.
I-Bromelian eyipuphu, ikhrimu, amapilisi nofana eyenziwe iinselo ingapholisa ukuvuvuka emagulweni afana ne-sinusitis kunye nobulwelwe bmathambo begodu ingazeswa, ipholisa amanceba beyisuse isikhumba esifileko emancebeni wokutjha.
Ngokuya kwe-cultivar, ipenabhula idliwa njengesithelo esifretjhi nofana esikheniweko, esenziwe ijuzi, ijemu nofana i-chutney. Kuthiwa ijuzi yamapenabhula yehlisa amatshwayo wokugula. Ipenabhula e-fretjhi ifakiwa kuma-curries, ihlangana kamnandi ne-ham kunye nezinye iinyama begodu ingabiliswa ukukhiqiza inyama esudu ebizwa nge-nata de pina.
Amakari wepenabhula encani adliwa njengomrorho e-Afrika bese kuthi itjhefu yesithelo sepenabhula engakavuthwa isetjenziswe njengetjhefu efakwe emkhontweni. Umthiya osemakarini wepenabhula usetjenziswa ukwenza amatjhila, ukwenza iinyathelo, amanethe wokubamba iimfesi kunye nokwenza ubukhazikhazi.
Translated by Busisiwe Skhosana