Bomangoza bayinhlanyelo lekhokha ngalenye indlela, lengaletsa sivuno lesikhulu ngemnyaka munye, kunciphisa kukhokha kwakhe nga 25% ngemnyaka lolandzelako. Tihlahla titsatsa lokungaba yiminyaka lemitsatfu kuya kuleminye kwentela kucala kukhokha titselo phindze nekutsembela esigodzini kungatsatsa iminyaka lesiphohlongo. Loku kuliciniso ngendzawo yase Hoedspruit esifundzeni saseLimpopo, kube eClanwilliam kungatsatsa iminyaka lelishumi nakubili kutsi ukhule ubemudzala kanye nekukhokha lokugcwele ngesisindvo.
Simo selitulu sa Mangoza
Tihlahla tamangoza tingamelana netimo letinkhulu tesimo selitulu – kusuka ekushiseni nkuya kubumantana kuya ekupholeni kanye netimo letomile. Ngakoke, angakhula endzaweni lebanti eNingizimu Afrika. Lesimo lapho khona mangoza angakhula noma ahlume ngemphumelelo ngaphansi kwa 5 °C kuya ku 45 °C, kepha timo telilanga kumele tibesemkhatsini wa 27 °C kuya ku 36 °C.
Mangoza angamelana nebumantana nekushisashisa kanjalo netimo temoya kepha kushisashisa nebumantana kungaba ngaphansi kwa 55% kusuka kunyanga yeLweti kuze kuvunwe sitselo etinyangeni kusuka kunyanga yeNgongoni kuya kunyanga yeNdlovu Lenkhulu.
Bomangoza benta kancono etindzaweni letomile ngesikhatsi sentfwasahlobo kuya ekungeneni kweluhlobo njengoba letimbali kanye nekuhluma kwetimbali kuyincelencele etifeni letimuhlwa letikhula ngaphansi kwesimo lesinekushisashisa nebumantana.
Khetsa tindzawo letivikelekile emoyemi noma hlanyela tintfo tekuvikela umoya dvute nengadze yamangoza. Umoya ubanga kuhhwaba kanye nemakhwele phindze ungabanga kuwa kwetitselo. Kugatuka kwesikhumba ngenca yekulinyatwa ngumoya kungabangela emagciwaneni emuhlwa kanye nemagciwane latselelanako. Vikela kulinyatwa ngumoya ngekuhlanyela kwekuvikela umoya kanye nekwati tingadze tetitselo kundlela yemoya.
Kuhlanyelwa kwa Mangoza
Khetsa titjalo leticinile kusuka lapho kutsengwa khona titjalo. Hlola lamacembe kanye netimbali, ema internodes, kuhlanganiswa kanjalo nekuhlangana kwemhlaba nendlela yetimphandze tesihlahla.
Luhlolo lolwentiwe kahle lwemhlabatsi lolwentiwe kucala kungakahlanyelwa lingakhomba kutsi ngumaphi emanutrients lete kahle lokwenele noma ngekungenela. Loku kungancishiswa ngesikhatsi sekulungiswa kwemhlabatsi ngaphambi kwekutsi kulihlanyelwe kantsi phindze ngesikhatsi sekuhlolwa ngekuhluma ngekuya kwemacembe esitjalo.
Bomangoza kumele bahlanyelwe ekupheleni kwemakhata noma kubandza kanye netimvula – inyanga ye Ngci kuya kunyanga yeNyoni ngutona tikahle. Libanga lekuhlanyela lishiyana ngekuhluma kwenhlanyelo phindze kungahambela kusuka ku 12 x 12 m ngekushiyana kuya ku 2.5 x 2.5 m ngesisindvo lesiphakeme kungadze yabomangoza.
Ngemuva kwekuhlanyela, bomangoza bahluma imphandze lecinile lengachubekela ku 6 m ngekushona.
Tihlahla tamangoza tihluma phindze tikhokhe kahle kutinhlobo letiningi letehlukahlukene temhlabatsi kepha lonematje lamancane lonelibumba noma lonetitjalo letifile (nalotfwele libumba lelingaba ngu 15 kuya ku 25%) nguyona ndlela. Umhlabatsi lonetigaba letihlangene kumele ugwenywe kanjalo nemhlabatsi longachubela etimeni tekucangana. ipH ya 6 – 7.2 ilicebo.
Kunakekela kweMalungiselelo aMangoza
Ngekushiyana kwekuhlanyela, inhlanyelo kanye nendlela yekunakekela, emalungiselelo ekunakekela afaka tento letifana nekufakwa kwamanyolo, kunisela, kuncutfwa, kuvikelwa kwesitjalo kanye nalokuningi. Tintfo letimbalwa tibhaliwe ngaphansi. Secwayiso lesiningi lesibhaliwe singatfolwa ngekuhlanganisa sifundvo semacembu kanye naku baluleki betekulima.
Tihlahla tamangoza tikhokha timbale cishe emalangeni lamashumi lamabili nesiphohlongo. Nomanje tihlahla tamangoza titivundzisela tona phindze tivundzise ngekufakela ngemoya noma ngetilwanyana, uMkhandlo weLucwalingo lweTekulima (Agriculturarl Research Council – ARC) uncoma kutsi kuvundziswe ngetinyosi etihlahleni tabomangoza kumatsatfu kuya kulalishumi nesihlanu emabhokisi kuhekitha.
Tihlahla tamangoza tiyancutfwa ngemuva kwekuvuna bese onkhe emagala (lamafisha ˈémagalaˈ labamba labomangoza) ayajujwa. Kuncutsela ku ˈvulaˈ letihlahla kwentela kucindzetela kwelilanga emkhatsini waletihlahla phindze kususe tigodvo letindzala kwentela kugcugcutela kuhluma lokusha.
Kufakwa kwamanyolo, kushiyane ngemhlabatsi kanye nekuhlolwa kwelicembe, kuvame kwenteka ngemuva kwekuvuna.
Kuvikela bomangoza emagciwaneni noma etifeni letifana ne anthracnose kanye netilwanyana letindizako kukahle kwenteka ngendlela yekunakekela imuhlwa lengiyo yeluhlelo. Emakhemikhali lasetjentiswa ekukhicitweni kwamangoza kumele kubhaliswe futsi kubalulekile kulalela labatiko ngekufutsa inhlanyelo kanye nemigomo yemakethe.
Noma nje tihlahla tamangoza tiyamelana nesomiso, kunisela kutfutfukisa kukhokha kwesitselo kanye nelinani lesitselo. Lenhlobo yekunisela kanye neluhlolo lwekunisela lutsembele etintfweni letifana neluhlobo lwemhlaba, indlela yekunakekela kanye nesimo selitulu, kantsi futsi ikahle ikhulunywa nalowati kabanti ngekunisela. Kokubili kunisela kancane nangematfonsi kuyasetjentiswa eNingizimu Afrika.
Imihlwa ne Magciwane aMangoza
iAnthracnose ligciwane lelingasheshe livunwe lelatiwako lelihlasela yonkhe inhlanyelo yamangoza futsi ingabonwa njengemacashata lansundvu losamnyama emacembeni. Mangoza angahlaseleka kancane etindzaweni letifutfumele lapho ahluma ngekushesha nalapho angalengi khona etihlahleni ngetikhatsi tetimvula.
Emabala lamnyama emagciwane ngulesinye sifo lesihambisana nelitulu futsi singalashwa ngekwekufutsa kwe copper. Sibonakala njengemanti lagcinekile kulesitselo. Umuhlwa losamphuphu sifo lesibonakala nejngemphuphu lemhlophe levela kuncenye levelako yesitjalo lesincane, emacembeni, etimbalini noma esitselweni.
Tilwanyana noma imihlwa yamangoza ifaka silwanyana lesindizako sesitselo, nesilwanyana lesibakumangoza, silwanyana lesibasesihlahleni lesincane.
Translated by Phindile Malotana