Ihlabathi kufuze ihlolwe ngemva kweminyaka eembalwa ukunikela ikombandlela ngeenqumo eziphathelene neemvundisi ezingasetjenziswa nokulungisa ukulingana kwezakhamzimba (nutrients) kunye nokutlhayela okungaba khona ngaphambi kobana kutjalwe ikoroyi. Amahlelo wokuvundisa kufanele asetjensizwe ukuhlalisa kuhle imihlobo eyahlukeneko yehlabathi eendaweni ezahlukeneko zeplasini nezendaweni yinye, ukuvunda kwehlabathi, ubujamo betlayimethi, umkhiqizo ofisa ukuwukhiqiza, indlela ye-tillage kunye neentjalo ezatjalwa eentejini ezidlulileko zokutjhintjhatjhintha iintjalo.
Abalimi badinga ukulinganisa iimfuneko zeemvundisi neendleko zokwenza lokhu ukwenza isiqiniseko sokobana umkhiqizo uhlala wenza inzuzo. Akusimqondo omuhle ukusebenzisa imali enengi eemvundisini kunemali engakghona ukulethwa mkhiqizo ongakhiqizwa ehlabathini leyo evundiswako.
Okuqakathekileko ngokusebenzisa iimvundisi kukwenza isiqiniseko sokobana iintjalo zithola izakhi ama-nutrients aneleko zizokukghona ukukhipha ikgono lazo loke lokuba mkhiqizo omuhle. Ukutlhayela kwezakhi ezifaneleko kungaba nomthelela omunbi ekukhuleni beyibangele iintjalo ukugandeleleka okungajika kwenze bona iintjalo zibanjwe ziinunwana bekuqubuke namalwelwe.
I-Esidi Yehlabathi
Ngokwemfanelo ezitlhogekako ikoroyi kufuze ikhiqizwe ehlabathini ene-pH ehlangana ne 5.5 kuya ku 6.5 isikala se-calcium chloride. Izakhi ezinye zehlabathi kungenzeka zingabi khona lokha i-pH nayingaphasi kwe 4.5. I-lime ingasetjenziswa ukungezelela amazinga we-pH ngaphambi kokutjala, ngomthamo otlhogekako nangokuya kwamazinga we-pH nomhlobo wehlabathi.
Umthombo we-lime kufanele ukhethwe kuhle, Ngokuya nge Agricultural Research Centre Small Grain Institute’s Guideline. Production of Small Grain in the Summer Rainfall Area, i-dolomic lime ingasetjenziswa lokha iretjhiyo hlangana ne-calcium ne-magnesium ingaphezulu kwe 40 mg/kg (ppm) ne-dolomic lime lokha i-magnesium content iphasi.
I-lime kufanele ithelwe ehlabathini iinyanga nazizithathu ukuya kwezine ngaphambi kobana kutjalwe begodu ihlanganiswe kuhle nehlabathi ne-offset nofana i-disc bese iyahlawulwa, itjhingele nga 200 mm ukuya ku 400 mm. Abalimi bangatjala okwahlukahlukeneko okuvumana ne-aluminium ukuphakamisa imithelela ye-esidi yehlabathi lokha nakukhiqizwako.
Okuthathu Okuqakathekileko
I-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium zinendima eqakathekileko emkhiqizweni. Abalimi kufanele bathintane nabososayentsi behlabathi nofana i- Grain SA ukuthola iimphakamiso ngokusetjenziswa kwazo begodu babakghelebhe ukuzihlalisa kuhle ngokuya kweemfuneko zamahlelo wokukhiqiza wabo nebhoduluko. Kuhle nokobana ukhulume nabanye abalimi bangesifundeni ohlala kiso ngeemvundisi ebazisebenzisako ukumadanisa imiphumela yakho neyabanye.
Ngokuya nge- Agricultural Research Centre Small Grain Institute’s Guideline. Production of Small Grain in the Summer Rainfall Area kufanele kungafakwa i-nitrogen engaphezulu kuka 20 kg ngesikhathi sokutjala njengombana i-nitrogen ingatjhisa imbewu beyibe nomthelela omumbi ekutheni isitjalo simile. Ukuthela khulu kungenziwa ngaphambili kokutjala nofana i-nitrogen ingapakwa ibekwe kude nembewu ngesikhathi sokutjala nangabe i-20 kg/ha izokufakwa.
Abalimi abanengi bathela i-nitrogen kabili nofana kathathu ukuvikela i-leaching nokwenza isiqiniseko sokobana iintjalo zithola i-nitrogen eyaneleko ngesikhathi esifaneleko sokukhula. Ukuthelwa kungehliswa lokha nangabe isitjalo esifana nama-legumes esingezelela i-nitrogen ehlabathini khesatjalwa ngesikhathi sonyaka esidlulileko nofana nakuneensalela ezinengi ezingakabi ukungenelela nofana ukudliwa yihlabathi ngesikhatho sokutjala, okungarholela ekutheni kube nesikhathi esimbi se-nitrogen.
Ukuthelwa kwe-phosphate kufanele kugadwe ngokuya kokukhiqiza okuhleliweko qobe hekthara nenani le-phosphate elikhona ehlabathini. I-potassium akusikanengi ibanga umkhiqizo obogako eSewula Afrika kodwana ukutlhayela kungenzeka lokha kune-alkaline enengi ehlabathini eyisanda ene-esidi, emakhaza, ethambileko nenehlabathi eyomileko begodu nehlabathini enamazinga aphezulu we-magnesium ne-calcium.
Ama-micro Elements
Ukuthelwa kwama-micro elements, afana nekhopha, i-zinc, i-manganese, i-iron, i-molybdenum ne-boron kuthatha imali enengi nakukhiqizwa endaweni eyomileko nofana endaweni enomkhiqizo ongaphasi kwe-avarage, ngalokho abalimi kufanele babale kuhle iindleko ngaphambi kobana basebenzise izakhi/ama-nutrients lawa. Nakuvela amatswayo wokobana kunokutlhayela kwezakhi, esikhathini esinengi vane sekulada bona kungabuyiselwa umonakalo emuva kodwana iimfufuzeli zamakari zingavikela ukuloba ukuya phambili.
Translated by Busisiwe Skhosana