Ukuhlaziywa komhlabathi kufanele kwenziwe njalo eminyakeni embalwa, ukuqondisa izinqumo zokukhulelwa nokulungisa ukungalingani kokudla kanye nokuntuleka ngaphambi kokutshala ukolweni. Uhlelo lokuhlwanyela luzoguqulwa ukuze luhambisane nokuhluka kwenhlabathi endaweni ehlukile yepulazi kanye nomhlaba ofanayo, ukuzala kwenhlabathi, izimo zezulu, izitshalo ezihlosiwe, indlela yokulima kanye nezitshalo ezatshalwe ngezigaba zangaphambili zokujikeleza kwezitshalo.
Abalimi kudingeka balinganise izidingo zomanyolo kanye nezindleko zalokhu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhiqiza kuhlala kunenzuzo. Akunangqondo ukuchitha imali eningi ekukhuliseni ukwedlula amandla okuthola imali ezweni elithile.
Isihluthulelo sokukhulelwa kufanele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izitshalo zinokuthola izakhi ezanele zokuvula amandla abo okukhiqiza okugcwele. Ukuntuleka kokudla okunomsoco kungabangela umthelela omubi ekukhuleni futhi kubangele ukucindezeleka kwezitshalo, okwenza kube lula ukuthi izitshalo zivikeleke kakhulu ekuhlaselweni kwezinambuzane kanye nokuqubuka kwezifo.
U-Esidi Womhlaba
Ukolweni kufanele ukhiqizwe kahle enhlabathini ene-pH ephakathi kuka-5.5 kuya ku-6.5 ngezinga le-calcium chloride. Izakhi ezithile zomhlabathi zingatholakali uma i-pH ingaphansi kwezingu-4,5. I-lime ingasetshenziselwa ukwandisa amazinga e-pH ngaphambi kokutshala, ngezinamba ezidingekayo kuye ngokuthi izinga le-pH kanye nenhlobo yomhlabathi.
Umthombo wamakhadi kufanele ukhethwe ngendlela efanele. Ngokomhlahlandlela we-Agricultural Research Centre Small Grain Institute’s Guideline. Production of Small Grain in the Summer Rainfall Area, i-dolomitic lime kufanele isetshenziswe uma isilinganiso phakathi kwe-calcium ne-magnesium sikhulu kune-10:1. I-calcitic lime kufanele isetshenziswe uma isilinganiso singaphansi kuka-10:1 futhi okuqukethwe kwe-magnesium kuphakeme kune-40 mg/kg (ppm) ne-dolomitic lime lapho okuqukethwe kwe-magnesium kuphansi.
I-lime kufanele iphathwe izinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezine ngaphambi kokutshala futhi ixutshwe ngokuphelele nenhlabathi nge-offset noma i-disc bese ihlungwa kuyo, ku-200 mm ukuya ku-400 mm. Abalimi bangahlwanyela izinhlobo nge-aluminium ukubekezelelana okuhle, ukunciphisa umthelela wehlabathi le-acid ekukhiqizeni.
Ezintathu Ezinkulu
I-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium yonke inethonya elikhulu ekukhiqizeni. Abalimi kufanele babonisane nososayensi wenhlabathi noma iGrain SA izicelo eziphakanyisiwe futhi basize bahlele lezi zincomo ngokuvumelana nezidingo zohlelo lwabo lokukhiqiza nemvelo.
Kuhle futhi ukukhuluma nabanye abalimi esifundeni mayelana nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo okukhulelwa, ukulinganisa imiphumela yabanye. Akufanele kusetshenziswe okungenani kuka-20 kg we-nitrogen ngenkathi yokutshala, ngoba i-nitrogen ingashisa imbewu futhi ibe nethonya elibi ekuhlumeni, ngokusho kweNkombandlela ye-Agricultural Research Center Small Small Grain Institute. Ukukhiqizwa Kwembewu Encane Emvula Yemvula.
Izicelo eziphakeme kufanele zenziwe ngaphambi kokutshala noma i-nitrojeni kufanele ibe yibhande elibekwe eceleni kwenzalo ngesikhathi sokutshala uma ngaphezulu kuka-20 kg / ha kuzosetshenziswa. Abalimi abaningi benza izicelo ezimbili noma ezintathu zokuvimbela i-leaching nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izitshalo zinokuthola i-nitrogen eyanele ngesikhathi esifanele sokuthuthukiswa.
Izicelo kumele zilungiswe phansi uma isitshalo, njengezinambuzane, eseza i-nitrogen enhlabathini, sitshalwe ngenkathi yangaphambilini, kodwa shintshwe phezulu uma isivuno esiphezulu sakhiwa ngenkathi yangaphambilini noma uma kukhona okunye okusele okungakahlehli emhlabathini ngesikhathi sokutshala, okungaholela esikhathini esibi se-nitrogen.
Izicelo ze-phosphate kufanele ziqondiswe ukukhiqizwa okuhleliwe ngehektare kanye nenani le-phosphate etholakala enhlabathini. I-Potassium ayisoloko iyimbangela yezivuno ezimbi eNingizimu Afrika, kodwa ukungahleleki kungase kwenzeke enhlabathini enhlabathini enhlabathini ene-alkali, ngaphansi komhlaba obanda, obumanzi noma owomile nasenhlabathini enezinga eliphezulu kakhulu le-magnesium ne-calcium.
Ama-Micro Elements
Ukusetshenziswa kwezakhi ezincane, ezifana nethusi, i-zinc, i-manganese, i-iron, i-molybdenum ne-boron, kungenzeka ukuthi akufanele kube ngokwezomnotho ekukhiqizeni okomile noma emazweni anezivuno ezingezansi, ngakho-ke abalimi kufanele babala ngokucophelela le ndleko ngaphambi kokusebenzisa lezi zakhi. Uma izimpawu zokuntuleka kokudla okunomsoco zivele zivame ukuphuza isikhathi eside ukuguqula umonakalo kodwa ama-leaf sprays angasiza ekuvimbeleni ukulahlekelwa okunye.Translated by Nsika Khoza