Uhlalutyo lomhlaba kufuneka lwenziwe rhoqo kwiminyaka embalwa ukuze oko kunikeze umkhomba ndlela kwizigqibo ezidibene nokuchumisa kunye ne nutrients ezingamanga kakuhle kunye nokungonelanga phambi kokutyala ingqolowa.
Uhlelo lokuchumisa kufuneka luvunywe kuze likwazi ukuthatha iintlobo zemihlaba ezohlukileyo kwindawo ezahlukileyo efama kwaye kumhlaba omnye, ukuchuma komhlaba, isimo sezulu, ubungakanani bemveliso, indlela yoku khofola, kunye nesivuno ebesityalwe kwizigaba ezidlulileyo zohlelo lokujikeleziswa kwesivuno.
Amafama kufuneka azijonge indlela zokuchumisa kunye nexabiso loku ukuqinisekisa okokuba imveliso ihlala inengeniso. Akuvakali ukuchitha imali egqithisileyo kwizichumisi kunengeniso ejongiweyo kumhlaba othile.
Eyona nto ibalulekilyo kwizichumisi kukuqinisekisa okokuba izityalo ziyakwazi ukufikelela kwi nutrients ezoneleyo ukuze kuvuleke imveliso yazo. Ukungoneli kwezakha mzimba okanye nutrients ngelase mzini kungachaphazela ukukhula ngendlela engeyiyo oko kwenze uxinzeleko kwisityalo, oko ke kwenza izityalo zibese mngciphekweni wokuhlaselwa zizinambuzane kunye noqhambuko lwezifo.
I-Asidi yo Mhlaba
Ingqolowa kufanele iveliswe kumhlaba one pH ephakathi ko 5.5 no 6.5 kwisikali se calcium chloride. Inutrients ezithile zomhlaba zingangafumaneki xa i-pH ingaphantsi ko 4. Ilamuni ingasetyenziswa ukoongeza amazinga we pH phambi kokutyala, nobungakanani obufunekayo buxhomekeke kumazinga we pH kunye nohlobo lomhlaba.
Ilamuni kufuneka ikhethwe kakuhle. Ngokwe Agricultural Research Centre Small Grain Institute’s Guideline. Production of Small Grain in the Summer Rainfall Area, kufuneka kusetyenziswe idolomitic lime xa umlinganiselo phakathi kwe calcium ne magnesium ungaphezulu ko 10:1. I-Calcitic lime kufuneka isetyenziswe xa umlinganiselo ungaphantsi ko 10:1 kwaye imagnesium ingaphezulu ku 40 mg/kg (ppm) kunye ne dolomitic lime xa imagnesium isezantsi.
Ilamuni kufuneka ifakwe kwinyanga ezintathu ukuya kwisine phambi kokutyala kwaye ixutyisiswe nomhlaba nekhuba elingaphandle iphinde ityalwe, kubunzulu obungama 200 mm ukuma kuma 400 mm. amafama angatyala iintlobo ezahlukileyo ezikwaziyo ukunyamezela i-aluminium, ukuthintela ulawulo lwe acid emhlabeni wemveliso.
Ezintathu Ezinkulu
I-Nitrogen, phosphorus kunye ne potassium zonke zinendima enkulu kwimveliso. Amafama kufuneka adibane nochwephesha womhlaba (soil scientist) okanye iGrain SA ngengcebiso zoku zifaka kunye noncedo lokufaka umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo ngokwemfuneko zemveliso yawo nomhlaba.
Kulungile nokuthetha namanye amafama kum-mndla malunga namava awo ngezichumisi, ukuze ukwazi ukufanisa nezo zabanye. Akufunekanga kufakwe umoya we nitrogen ongapha kwama 20 ngexesha lokulima, kuba initrogen ingashisa imbewu ze oko kuchaphazele ukudubula kwezityalo, ngokubhalwe kwi Agricultural Research Centre Small Grain Institute’s Guideline.
Production of Small Grain in the Summer Rainfall Area. Kufuneka ifakwe kakhulu phambi kokutyala okanye initrogen ibophelelwe kude nembewu ngexesha lokutyala xa ingapha kwama 20 kg/ha izakufakwa.
Amafama amaninzi afaka initrogen kabini kathathu ukuthintela ukuvuza nokuqinisekisa izityalo zifumana initrogen eyaneleyo ngexesha elililo lokukhula. Xa ifakwa kufuneka ifakwe ukujonga ezantsi kwi sivuno esifana nembotyi, xa ezongeza initrogen emhlabeni bezityalwe kwisigaba esidlulileyo, kodwa yalungiswa ngaphezulu kokuba kwakuveliswe isivuno esikhulu ngexesha elidlulileyo okanye nexesha bekukho okuseleyo kwaye oku ngekaqhekeki emhlabeni ngexesha lokutyala oko ke kungakhokhela kwixesha elibi kwi nitrogen. Ukufaka iPhosphate kufuneka kukhokhelwe yimveliso ecwangcisiweyo ngokhwe hectare kunye nomlinganiselo we phosphate efumaneka emhlabeni.
I-Potassium ayifane ibengu nobangela wesivuno esincinci eMzantsi Afrka, kodwa kwimihlaba ephezulu kwi alkaline kwaye enesanti kungenzeka kubekho iingxaki kunye naphantsi kwemeko zomhlaba onesanti, omanzi, nakwimihlaba eyomileyo kunye nemihlaba enamazi ngaphezulu kwe magnesium kunye/ okanye ne calcium.
I-Micro Elements
Ukufaka imicro-elements ezifana ne copper, zinc, manganese, iron, molybdenum kunye ne boron, zinga ngalungi kakuhle ngokwe zomnotho kwimveliso yemihlaba elinyiweyo okanye imihlaba evelisa izityalo ezincinci kakhulu, lilonke amafama kufuneka ayibale ngobu nono lendleko phambi kokufaka ezi nutrients. Xa kuqalisa ukubonakala iimpawu zokungoneli kwi nutrients, libe sele ixesha limkile lokulungisa umonakalo kodwa izifafazi zamagqabi zinganceda ukuthintela ilahleko engaphezulu.Translated by Zikhona Plaatjie