Amapheya akhiqizwa izinkulungwane zeminyaka futhi abizwa nangokuthi “isipho sawonkulunkulu” ku-Odyssey kaHomer. Uhlobo luqukethe izinhlobo ezingaba ngamashumi amabili lapho ingxenye yazo itholakala eYurophu, eNyakatho Afrika naseAsia Minor, kanti enye ingxenye ise-Asia. Lokhu kudale ukuthi kube namaqembu amabili weperesi ezifuywayo, ithanga lamapulangwe elithambile le-European Pyrus communis kanye namapheya ama-crisp - enyama ase-Asiatic, ngokuyinhloko uPyrus pyrifoli.
Ukusetshenziswa kwethanga kuye kwaqubuka umkhondo ngemuva kokusebenzisa i-apula, ngenxa yobunzima ekunikezeni imakethe ngamapheya amnandi avuthiwe. Ukukhiqizwa kodwa-ke sekuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwedlulele futhi kwafana kule minyaka embalwa edlule, okuholele kwikhwalithi engaguquki kakhulu.
Ukukhiqizwa Emhlabeni Jikelele
I-China ingumkhiqizi omkhulu futhi othumela ngaphandle ithini lamapheya, ibalwa ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-70 omkhiqizo womhlaba wonke no-18% wokuthumela emazweni angaphandle ngo-2018, njengoba kubonakala ku-Tridge. I-Argentina, i-United States ne-Italy ngabakhiqizi abathathu abakhulu ngemuva kweChina. I-Argentina ibala i-3.3% nje; i-United States ingama-2.7% ne-Italy kuphela ngo-2.6% womkhiqizo womhlaba.
I-Netherlands, iArgentina kanye neNingizimu Afrika kwakuyizimpahla ezinkulu ezintathu ezazithumela ngaphandle ngemuva kweChina ngo-2018, iNetherlands ibala i-14%, i-Argentina ibala i-13.7% kuthi iNingizimu Afrika ibalwe ne-10.4% yezitolo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle.
Ukukhiqizwa KwaseNingizimu Afrika
Amapheya alethwe eNingizimu Afrika yinkampani iDutch East India Company ngaphansi komyalelo kaJan van Riebeeck. Encwadini eyabhalwa ngomhla ka-19 Ephreli 1665, uVan Riebeeck wabhala ukuthi isimo sezulu saseCape besingesihle kangako ekukhiqizeni imifino ngonyaka owedlule, kepha "leli wayini liphumelele" kwathi "… kwaqunywa ama-aphula angamashumi amathathu ezihlahleni eziyisithupha namapheya amabili".
Enye yezihlahla zokuqala zesafroni ezitshalwe ngesikhathi sikaVan Riebeeck yayisakhula engadini yeNkampani ngonyaka ka-2019. Ukuze ugcine amagugu ephila, uMnyango WezamaPaki weDolobha laseCape Town kanye noTru-Cape wakhiqiza umdwebo walesi sihlahla wabe usitshala omusha ukucwilisa eduze kwesihlahla somzali ngonyaka ka-2015.
Umzimba Wemboni
Abakhiqizi bezithelo zePome eNingizimu Afrika bamelwe yiHortgro Pome, phambilini eyayaziwa njengeSouth Africa Apple and Pear Producers Association. Lo mzimba wasungulwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1970 ukukhuthaza nokuvikela inzalo yabatshali be-apula, futhi kamuva, nalabo abatshali bethanga.
Ukuqalwa Kwecwaningo
Umnyakazo omkhulu embonini weza ngokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lwe-Forelle Early Market Access Programme (i-FEMA), lapho uDkt Ian Crouch awina umklomelo weHortgro Researcher of the Year ngonyaka ka-2015. Kwakuyindathane lapho kukhethwa kusesekuseni kakhulu futhi kuthambekele ekudleni lapho kukhethwe kakhulu.
Ukunqoba le nkinga, uDkt Ian uphakamise ukuthi i-Forelle pears iphathwe njengama-apula. Ngakho-ke esikhundleni sokukhetha amapharele kusenesikhathi, ashiyelwa ezihlahleni isikhathi esingamaviki amabili kuya kwamathathu, okuholela ekuthini i-riper, izithelo ezimnandi kakhulu lapho kuvunwa. Ukuvuthwa okuqhubekayo kuvinjelwa ngemuva kokuvunwa kusetshenziswa i-grow inhibitor, i-1-methylcylopropene (MCP), ebilokhu itholakala kwezentengiso ezweni njenge-SmartFreshSM kusukela ngonyaka we-2002.
Uhlelo lolu lusindise imboni amakhulukhulu ezigidi zamarandi futhi yavumela abalimi ukuthi bathumele ngaphandle amaparele e-UfA aze afike emasontweni ayisishiyagalolunye ngaphambili kunamapharele evamile okuyi-protocol. Uhlelo futhi luvule amathuba emakethe amasha abalimi ngokungenisa okuhlangenwe nakho okusha kokudla kwe-pearl, okusuka ku-'soft and juicy' kuya 'ku-crisp nokumnandi'. Lokhu kudingeka kakhulu eMiddle East nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.
Translated by Nsika Khoza