Ii-litshi zikwaziwa njenge litshisi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Ziziqhamo ezithanda iindawo ezifumileyo intsusa yazo ise China. Eziziqhamo zikhula ziliqela kwimithi emikhulu ehlala iluhlaza yaka engathabatha iminyaka emithandathu ukuya kwisibhozo ezayo ukuze zibeyimveliso epheleleyo. Imithi ye litshi idinga ukufuma okuninzi kunye nomhlaba okhamekileyo.
Iqela le South African Litchi Grower’s Association (SALGA) lixhasa kwaye lilawula imveliso ye litshi kunye nentengiso eMzantsi Afrika kwaye liyanceda nokunikeza iingcebiso ngendlela zokulawula isivuno se litshi.
Isimo Sezulu Esilungele iiLitshi
Esona simo sezulu esilungele ukukhulisa iLitshi zindawo ezinelanga lehlobo elishushu namazinga wemvula aphezulu kunye nokufuma kuba esisiqhamo sidinga amanzi amaninzi. Ilitshi zidinga isimo sezulu sase busika esifutshane, esipholileyo kwaye esomileyo (ngaphantsi ko 15-20°C) kwaye ayimelani nekhephu. Esona sivuno se litshi singcono sifumaneka kwindawo ezinamaqondo obushushu ehlobo aphakathi ko 25-30°C kunye nokufuma okungapha ko 60%.
Ukukhula kwe Litshili
Ezona zilimo ze litshi ezityalwa kweli lo Mzantsi Afrika zi Mauritius (90% yemveliso yentengiso kunye nesilimo saphakathi kwexesha lokulinywa kwayo) kunye ne McLean’s Red (ngaphantsi ko 7% wemveliso yentengiso kunye nesilimo sasekupheleni kwexesha lokulinywa kwayo). Izilimo ezincinci ezilinywayo yi Fay Zee Siu, Wai Chee (esakutsha nje) kunye ne Early Delight (Esakuqala).
Imithi esemincinci kufuneka ithengwe kwindawo zentengiso ezihloniphekileyo ezikhulisa imithi ikwazi ityalwe ekuqaleni kwexesha lemvula. Uninzi lwemithi ye litshi lusasazwa ngokuvuthuzwa ngumoya. Izifundo zophando zeli lo Mzantsi Afrika zichaza okokuba imithi yezityalo ze litshi edityanisiweyo ayizange ivelise okungcono kunemithi ehlwayelwe ngoku phaphathekiswa nomoya kwembewu.
Ukuhlolisiswa komhlaba phambi kokutyalwa kwe litshi kuzakuchaza izidingo zezinongo zomhlaba okanye xa izinongo zigqithisile kwezidingekayo. Oku kunga lungiswa ngethuba kulungiswa umhlaba nasethubeni ngexesha lokukhulisa izityalo ngoko kuhlolwa kwamagqabi.
Ii-litshi zikhula kakuhle kumhlaba onesanti kwindawo ezipholileyo kodwa zikhula kakuhle nakwindawo ezinobushushu nomhlaba ongumdongo. Azikhuli kakuhle kumhlaba ongakhamekanga kakuhle okanye umhlaba ongakwaziyo ukugqobhozela. Unkcenkceshelo kufuneka kulungiselelwe uhlobo lomhlaba. Umzekelo, unkcenkceshelo lwexesha elifutshane, unkcenkceshelo rhoqo kufuneka lusetyenziswe kumhlaba onesanti.
Ububanzi obulungele ukutyala buxhomekeka kwizinto ezifana nohlobo lomhlaba kunye nesilimo, kodwa zohluka ukusuka ku 12 x 12m (65 yemithi/ha) ukuya ku 10 x 5 m (200 yemithi/ha) kwindawo ezinde. Kwindawo ezingekho nde kakhulu ububanzi besityalo bunga ngu 8 x 4 m (312 yemithi/ha) okanye ukuyokuma ku 6 x 4 m kwimimandla epholileyo.
Imithi yelitshi idubula ukuyokuma kwintsuku ezingama 21 ngexesha lase ntwasahlobo eMzantsi Afrika. Iintyatyambo zingcoliswe ziinyosi kuba ungcoliseko lwenyosi kweza iziqhamo zidibane. I-Agricultural Research Council (ARC) icebisa amafuku enyosi abemabini ukuya kwisine ngokwe hektare zifakwe ngaphakathi kwegadi, kude nendawo ezihamba abantu.
Isiqhamo se Litshi sithabatha phakathi kwama 84 no 112 wentsuku ukuba zikhule, kuxhomekeke kwisilimo kunye nendawo yemveliso. Ubunzima beziqhamo zelitshi obuqhelekileyo buphakathi ko 16 no 35 g.
Ukugcina isiqhamo (ixesha lokuhlala isiqhamo) kungenziwa ngcono ngokuthi kukhuthazwe ukuchumiswa okuzenzekelayo, okunikeza izinongo ezininzi ezifana ne zinc kunye ne boron, ukuxoza umthi, ulawulo lwe zinambuzane, kunye nokunkcenkceshelwa okwaneleyo.
Izinambuzane Kunye ne Zifo ze Litshi
Inkumbi ze Litshi, iNatal Fruit Fly, kunye ne false codling moth zezona nkumbi ze litshi ezinobungozi. Inkumbi ze litshi zinobomi obufanayo ne macadamia nut borer. Ezinye izityalo ezithandwa yinkumbi ye litshi yi macadamia, Bauhinia, Caesalpinia (imithi enamagqabi afana nesiba) kunye nee ntlobo ze Acacia. Ezinye iinkumbi ezichaphazela imveliso ye litshi yi bark borer kunye ne nematodes.
I-Velvet monkey (inkawu), bats, iintaka, ingakumbi iintaka-mpuku kunye ne bulbuls zenza ilahleko yesivuno kunye nomonakalo weziqhamo.
Ukubola kwesivuno okwenziwa yi fungi kungonakalisa iziqhamo kwenze nobomi besiqhamo bunciphiswe yi sulphur dioxide ngokuthi kubulawe izinambuzane emveni kokuvuna.
Translated by Zikhona Plaatjie