Tinombhela leti vuriwaka lychees (Litchi chinensis Sonn). I mihandzu ya subtropical leyi ekaya kayona kunga e China. Mihandzu leyi yikula eka swichocho eka misinya leyikulu leyitshamaka yiri rihlaza leyinga tekaka kwalomu ka ntsevu kuya eka nhungu wa malembe kuva yisungula ku veka kahle mihandzu. Tinombhela tilava ngopfu ndzongho na misava leyi tswongaka mati.
Va South African Litchi Growers’ Association (SALGA) vaseketela naku lawula vuhumelerisi bya tinombhela naku xavisiwa e Afrika Dzonga naswona vanga pfuneta hi switsundzuxo eka vulawuri bya maendlelo eka tinombhela.
Maxelo ya Tinombhela
Maxelo ya kahle ya tinombhela i tindzhawu leti tingana ximumu xo leha na timpfula ta matimba xikan’we naku tsakama hikuva mihandzu yina swilaveko swotala swa mati. Tinombhela tilava xixika xo koma, xo oma no hola (ehansi ka 15-20ºC) naswona ati kondzeleli gwitsi. Mbuyelo wakahle wa tinombhela wufikeleleka eka tindzhawu letingana mahiselo ya ximumu yale xikarhi ka 25-30°C na kutsakama lokunga ehenhla ka 60%.
Ku Byala Tinombhela
Tinxaka nkulu ta tinombhela leti byariwaka e Afrika Dzonga ita Mauritius (90% wa vuhumelerisi byo xavisa xikan’we na muxaka wale xikarhi ka nguva) na McLean’s Red (ehansi ka 7% wa vuhumelerisi byo xavisa naku hlwela ku vupfa eka nguva). Tinxaka tintsongo leti byariwaka eka tindzhawu ta vuhumelerisi i Fay Zee Siu, Wai Chee (tintshwa) na Early Delight (ta khale).
Misinya leyintsongo yifanele ku xaviwa kusuka eka vaxavisi lava tivekaka ekusunguleni ka nguva ya timpfula. Misinya yotala ya tinombhela yibyariwa hi air-layering. Vulavisisi bya laha Afrika Dzonga byi kombisa leswaku misinya ya tinombhela leyi tlhomiweke marhavi ayi vuyerisi kutlula leyi byariweke hi air layering.
Swikambelo swa misava swifanele kuendliwa kahle loko kungase byariwa tinombhela leswingata kombeta mpfumaleko kumbe ku tala ka swakudya. Leswi swinga lulamisiwa hinkarhi wa ndzulamiso wa misava kutani swiendliwa nakambe endzhaku kaloko kutava ku langutisisiwe matluka.
Tinombhela tikula kahle eka misava ya sandi eka tindzhawu letinga hola kambe titlhela tiva kahle nale ka tindzhawu leti kufumelaka eka misava ya vumba. Ati kuli kahle eka misava leyinga khomeki mati kumbe laha timintsu tinga ngheneleleki. Ncheleto wufanele kuva wu endliwa kuya hi muxaka wa misava. Xikombiso, ncheleto wokoma, wa nkarhi hinkwawo wufanele ku tirhisiwa eka misava ya sandi.
Mabyalelo yakahle yo anama yataya hi swilo swofana na muxaka wa misava na muxaka wa swibyariwa, kambe yanga sukela eka 12 x 12 m (65 misinya/ha) kuya eka 10 x 5 m (200 misinya/ha) eka maendlelo lawa ya tikaka. Laha swi olovaka kunga byariwa eka ku anama ka 8 x 4 m (312 misinya/ha) kuya fika eka 6 x 4 m eka tindzhawu letinga hola.
Misinya ya tinombhela yi huma mabilomu kuringana 21 wa masiku hi ximun’wani xa Afrika Dzonga. Mabilomu lawa ya endliwa pollination hi tinyoxi leti hlohletelaka leswaku kuva na mihandzu. Va Agricultural Research Council (ARC) vahlohletela leswaku kuva na mabaku yambirhi kumbe mune exirhapeni, naswona yava ekule na laha ku famba fambelaka vanhu.
Mihandzu yiteka kwalomu ka 84 na 112 wa masiku kuvumbeka, swiya hi muxaka na ndzhawu ya vuhumelerisi. Ntiko wale xikarhi wa nombhela wule xikarhi ka 16 na 35 g.
Kuvekiwa ka mihandzu swinga antswisiwa hiku hlohletela pollination, kunyikeriwa ka swakudya swofana na zinc na boron, girdling, kulawuriwa ka switsotswana na ncheleto.
Switsotswana na Mavabyi ya Tinombhela
Ti moth ta tinombhela, Natal fruit fly na false codling moth hi swona switsotswana swandhuma swa tinombhela. Ti moth ta tinombhela tina vutomi lebyi fanaka swinene nabya macadamia nut borer. Swin’wana swa swimilani leswi khomaka ti moth ta tinombhela iti macadamia, Bauhinia, Caesalpinia (plume flower trees)na tinxaka ta Acacia. Switsotswani swin’wana leswi hlaselaka tinombhela swikatsa bark borer nati nematodes.
Tintohe, mangedyani, tinyenyani, ngopfu ngopfu ti mousebirds nati bulbuls swivanga ku lahlekeriwa lokukulu eka swibyariwa xikan’we na kuvaviseka ka mihandzu. Ku bola endzhaku ka ntshovelo loku vangiwaka hi fungi kunga vanga leswaku mihandzu yi onheka kumbe yinga tshami ngopfu loko yitshoveriwile kambe swinga hungutiwa hikuva ku fafazeriwa sulphur dioxide endzhaku ka ntshovelo.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni