Ukukhathalela Isityalo se Tamati

© Louise Brodie

Isichumiso

Izityalo zetamati zidinga izinongo ezininzi kuquka i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus kunye ne potassium kwaye kubakho iziphumo ezihle kwizichumiso ezenziwe ngemixube yendalo. Umlinganiselo wesichumiso uxhomekeka kumgangatho womhlaba, ixesha lonyaka kunye nentlobo ye tamati. Ezi zityalo zidinga initrogen ethe xhaxhe nethi iphuhlise ukukhula, iintyatyambo kunye nesivuno esingcono.
Zikwadinda amaqondo aphezulu e photazitam nethi ikhokelele kwincasa, umbala, ukuqina, iswekile, asidi kunye nokomelela okungcono kweziqhamo. iPhosphorus incedisana nokukhula kwengcambu, ukudubula kwangethuba kunye nesiqhamo esisemganathweni kunye nokuchuma okummandla.
Iitamati zikwadinga izinongo ezibizwa nge micronutrient. Ukunqongophala kwe magnesium, calcium kunye ne molybdenum kuxhaphakile kwimihlaba ene asidi. Ukunqongophala kwe boron kunye ne copper aluvamisanga kufunyanwa kwi tamati.
Ukuba unqonophalo lwe boron luthe lwenzeka, oku kunga khokelela kwisiqhamo esinentanda, imingxunya okanye indawo ezineziva, ukumila okugwenxa okanye ukungavuthwa kwesiqhamo sonke. Iiron isenokungoneli kwi mihlaba eyi calcareous kunye neyi alkaline okanye emva kokufakwa kakhulu kwe line. Ukunqophala kwe manganese zifunyanwa kakhulu kwimihlaba ene calcareous.

Indle Yokufaka Isichumiso - kg/hectare

Isichumiso: 2:3:4 (30) / LAN / iPotassium Nitrate
Ixesha lokusifaka: Xa utyala / Kwiveki ezi 3 nezi 6 / Kwi veki ezi 6, 9 kunye nezingama 12
Umhlaba ochumileyo: 300 ukuya 500 / 250 + 250 / 100 + 100 + 100
Umhlaba ongachumanga: 750 ukuya 1000 / 200 + 200 / 100 + 100 + 100

Unkcenkceshelo

Unkcenkceshelo lubalulekile kwimveliso ye tamati. Kubalulekile ukufaka amanzi oneleyo kumaxesha athile emva kokuhlwayela imbewu okanye ukutyala imithana. Indlela yoku nkcenkceshela kuxhomekeka kudidi lomhlaba namaqondo obushushu. Ukunkcenkceshela ngokugqithisileyo emva kokoma, nokungabikho kokukhanya okwaneleyo kunga khokelela kukuqhekeka kwesiqhamo.
Kungcono kunga nkcenkceshelwa zizitshizi zamanzi ezisuka ngentla kuba amagqabi amanzi akhuthaza ukuvuthwa kwangethuba nokumila kakubi kwesiqhamo. Kwi veki ezine zokuqala galela amanzi angama 21 mm ngeveki. Ze kwi veki ezisi bhozo ezilandelayo, galela amanzi angama 38mm nge veki. Kwezi zishiyekileyo ke iveki, ungagalela amanzi angama 31mm nge veki. Ukunkcenkceshela ngokugqithisileyo emva kokuba isiqhamo sele sivelile kungangela ukuba isiqhamo siqhekeke.

Ukutshintsha - Tshintsha Izityalo

Inkqubo yotshintsha-tshintsho lwezityalo ezingahlobenanga emva kweminyaka emithathu okanye emine kuyakhuthazwa, ukuze kuncitshiswe ukwakheka kwezonakalisi nezifo ezivela emhlabeni.

Ukuqeqesha Okanye iTrellising

Ukuqeqesha izityalo okanye ukwenza ubuchule bokumisa imithi ngendlela ethile (trellising), kune mivuzo eliqela. Le mivuzo iquka ukutshitshizeka (spray) kakuhle kwezityalo ukuze kukhuselwe izifo nezonakalisi ze foliar. Oku kukwanciphisa namathuba okugqatswa kwelanga, umoya ojikeleza ngcono kunye namathuba ambalwa okubola kweziqhamo. Izityalo ezingekaqatshelwa indlela ezikhula ngayo zidinga ukuqeqeshwa okanye itrellising. Okanye zixhonye ngeentambo kumacingo aphezulu. Izityalo ezilinyelwa ukuthengiswa emakethi kufuneka sisoloko zisenzelwa ubuchule be trellis.

Ulawulo Lokhula

Ukhula lungalawulwa nge khemikhali okanye ngobuchule obenziweyo. Ulawulo lokhula lwe khemikhali lungasetyenziswa ngokufaka ikhemikhali ezibhalisiweyo. Ubuchule obenziweyo, obufana nokuhlakula nge sandla, kufuneka kungabinzulu kwaye kungabikufuphi kakhulu nezityalo.

Isivuno - Itoni ze hekthare nganye

Konalungiswanga: 30 iitoni
Kophakathi: 40 ukuya kuma 50 iitoni
Kolungisiweyo: 80+

Ukuvunwa

Ukuphelelwa kwexesha kwesiqhamo nomgama wokuya e makethi, nguwo ojongisa ixesha elilungileyo lokuvunwa. Iitamati ezilinyelwa ukutshintshwa (process) zilinywa zingekagqibeleli ncam logama ezentengiso yasekhaya zivunwa xa sele zigqibelele ukukhula. Kucetyswa ukuba uvuno lwenziwe ekuseni kwaye iitamati kufuneka zifuduselwe kwindlu yokupakishela nokukhawleza. Kufuneka zingashiywa kwindawo eshushu ixesha elide. Kwindlu yoku pakishela iitamati ziyacoca, zohlulwe ngokomgangathi zandule ukupakishwa.

Ukugcinwa

Isimo sendawo ezigcinwa kuyo iitamati esele zivuniwe, sixhomekeka linqanaba ezikulo zokuvuthwa. Ummo wazo iitamati kufanele zigcinwe kumaqondo ali 12°C kunye ne 86%ukuya kuma 90% xakuthekeleliswa nobushushu.

Izonakalisi

iNematodes, iAmerican Ballworm, iCutworm, iAmerican Leafminer, iaphid, ired spider mite, irust mite, iErinose mite, iplusia looper, iaphid kunye ne thrip.

Izifo

iEarly blight, ilate blight, igrey mould, ileaf mould, ipowdery mildew, ifruit rot, isoft rot, ibacterial icanker, ibacterial spot, ibacterial speck, ibacterial wilt, iFusarium wilt, ianththacnose, iSeptoria leafspot,mosaic kunye ne spotted wilt.

Translated by Zizipho Silwana
 Okudlulileyo