Ukwandisa
Iintjalo zeentamati zidinga iinothisi ezipha amandla ezifaka hlangana i-nitrogen, phosphorus kanye ne-potassium begodu zithela kuhle khulu nazifakwe isandiso esibizwa nge-organic fertilizer. Inani lesandisweli elisetjenziswako lilawulwa bujamo bokunotha kwehlabathi, ngesikhathi somnyaka kanye nomhlobo wetamati esetjenziswako.Iintjalwezi zineendingo eziphezulu zesinothiso esikhuthaza ukuthela kanye nokumila begodu nokutlhurha okuncono kanye neenthelo. Zinjalo nje zidinga nezinga eliphezulu le-potassium erholela ekuthuthukiseni kombala wazo, umnambitho, ukuqinia, itjhukela, i-esede kanye neenthelo eziqinileko. I-Phosphorus yona ikhuthaza ituthuko yemirabhu, ukutlhurha ngesikhathi kanye neenthelo ezimbalwa begodu nokuqinisekisa ukumila okunamandla.
Iintamathi zidinga ama-micronutrients kanye nama-deficiencies of magnesium, calcium begodu ne-molybdenum zivamile ehlabathini ene-esede. Ama-boron kanye nama-copper deficiencies zivamise ukutholakala khulu eentamatini. Nangabe iintwezi ziyatholakala, lokhu kurholela bonyana iintamati zigcine sele ziphadlhuka, zibanemigodi begodu zibanalapho zitjhwaba khona, ziloba isakhiwo sazo begodu nokungavuthwa kuhle kwazo. I-iron nayo ingaba nomthelela omumbi phezu kwehlabathi ye-alcareous, alkaline nofana ngemva kokusebenzisa khulu i-lime. Ama-maganese defiencies atholakala khulu emhlobeni wehlabathi we-calcareous soils.
Ukusetjenziswa Kwesinothisi (kg/hectare)
Isandiso: 2:3:4 (30)Usikhathi sokusisebenzisa: At planting
Ihlabathi enothileko: 300 to 500
Ihlabathi engakanothi: 750 to 1 000
Isandiso: LAN
Usikhathi sokusisebenzisa: At 3 weeks and 6 weeks
Ihlabathi enothileko: 250 + 250
Ihlabathi engakanothi: 200 + 200
Isandiso: Potassium Nitrate
Usikhathi sokusisebenzisa: At 6, 9 and 12 weeks
Ihlabathi enothileko: 100 + 100 + 100
Ihlabathi engakanothi: 100 + 100 + 100
Ukuthelelela
Ukuthelelela kuqakathekile emkhiqizweni weentamati. Kuqakathekile bonyana uthelelela iintamati ngamanzi aneleko ngeenkhathi ezithileko, ekufana nalokha uqeda ukutjala nofana uqeda ukhuzithuthukisela kenye indawo. Ukuthelela kanengi kuya ngomhlobo wehlabathi kanye namazinga wokutjhisa. Ukuthelela ngokudluleleko ngemva kwesikhathi eside, ngokungathomi ngokuthelelela kokuthambisa kungabengela bonyana iintamati zibe namagazuka. Kuhle ukuthi ungatheleleli ngokufefezela phezu kwazo njengombana lokho kwenza amakari abemanzi begodu kukhuthaza ukuqubuka kwamalwele ngaphambi kwesikhathi.Eemvekeni ezine zokuthoma sebenzisa amanzi ama-21mm ngeveke. Eemvekeni ezibunane ezilandelako, sebenzisa ama-38mm wamanzi ngeveke. Esikhathini esisaleleko somnyaka, sebenzisa ama-31mm ngeveke. Ukuthelela okudluleleko ngemva kobanyana isitjalo sesithelile kungabanga ukuphadlhuka kweenthelo.
Ukudlhegisana Kweentjalo
Ihlelo lokudlhegisana iintjalo leminyaka emithathu ukuya kemine ngeentjalo ezihlukileko liphakanyiswe njengendlela yokuphungula ukupakelana kweentjhabalalisi kanye namalwele wehlabathi.Ukuthwasisa Nofana Ukusekela
Ukuthwasiswa nofana ukusekelwa kweentjalo kuneenzuzo eziimbalwa, ekufaka hlangana ukusetjenziswa okuthuthukileko kwesifufuzeli ukwenzela ukulawula amalwele aziwa nge-foliar diseases kanye neentjhabalalisi, ukungatjhiswa khulu lilanga, ukuphembetha komoya okuhle kanye nokwehla kokubola kweentjalo. Imihlobo enokukhula okungaziwako idinga bonyana isekele nofana ijanyiswe ngendrada eba ngaphezu kwawo. Iintjalo ezitjalwe ukusetjenziswa zisesezitjha kufuze zisekelwe ngaso soke isikhathi.Ukulawula iimilo Ezizimilelako
Iimilo ezizimilela zona zingalawulwa ngamakhemikhali nofana ngemitjhini. Ukuzilawula ngemitjhini kungasetjenziswa ngamakhemikhali atlolisiweko. Ukuzilawula ngemitjhini, ekufana nokusebenzisa ilembe lezandla, kufuze kube kudanyana begodu kungabi seduze khulu nesitjalo.Umkhiqizo (itonnes per ihectare)
Ukusithlogomela: 30 tonnesEsilingeneko: 40 to 50 tonnes
Esihle: 80+ tonnes
Ukuvuna
Ukuphela komkhiqizo kanye nebanga lokuyokufika eemarageni kuzakulawula bonyana kuthonywa nini ukuvunwa. Iintamazi ezifakwa endleleni yekambiso yokwenza okuthileko zivunwa sele zivuthwe ngokwaneleko. Iintamati ezidinga ukukhwezwa iinkepe zisiwe kude, zivunwa zingakavuthwa khulu kuthi lezo ezisiwa eduze zivunwa sele zivuthwe khudlwana.Kunesiphakamiso sokobanya zivunwe ekuseni begodu iintamati kufuze zisuswe zisiwe eendlini zokupakelwa kizo msinyana ngendlela ekungakghonakala ngayo begodu zingatjhiywa endaweni etjhisako isikhathi eside. Eendlini ezipakwa kizo, ziyahlanzwa zihlukaniswe ngobukhulu bazo bezipakwe.
Indawo Yokubulungela
Ubujamo beendawo zokubulungela iintamati ngemva kokuvuna zilawula lizinga lokuvuthwa kwazo. Ngokujayelekileko iintamati kufuze zibekwe endaweni eli-12°C kanye nama-86% ukuya ema-90% ezithambe kuhle.Iintjhabalalisi
Nematodes, American Ballworm, Cutworm, American Leafminer, Red spider mite, Rust mite, Erinose mite, Plusia looper, Aphids and Thrips.Amalwele
Early blight, Late blight, Grey mould, Leaf mould, Powdery mildew, Fruit rot, Soft rot, Bacterial canker, Bacterial spot, Bacterial speck, Bacterial wilt, Fusarium wilt, Anththacnose, Septoria leafspot, Mosaic, Spotted wilt.Translated by Busisiwe Skhosana