I-Amaranth (Unomdlobhoyi) Ongenayo iGluten

© Dwight Sipler
uNomdlobhoyi, (uhlobo lwe Amaranthus) ekwaziwa njenge pigweed, cockscomb, ne hell’s curse ngesingesi, lukhula elixhaphakileyo ikwasiso nesivuno sakudala. Yona akusiyiyo ingqolowa yokwenyani, kodwa isetyenziswa njengayo. i-Amaranth isetyenziselwa amagqabi ayo amatsha, neenkozo zayo ezigcwele izakhamzimba iproteni nenkozo ezigutywa zibe ngumgubo we flawa ongenayo igluten. Yayisetyenziswa kwa mandulo ukususela kwiminyakaye 6 700 BC zi Aztecs kuMazantsi eMelika. Iintlobo ngentlobo zayo zavela kumazwe ngamazwe, kodwa kukholeleka okokuba i-A.spinosus ne A. thunbergia zona zezase Afrika.
i-Amaranth ikhula ngoku khawuleza nyaka lo neentloko ezifukufuku kwintyatyambo. Iyasithanda isimo sezulu esinobushushu kwaye ingakhula iyokuma kubude obuyi 2 m. kukho iintlobo ezingapha kwama 60 ze amaranth – ezinye iintlobo ziveliselwa imveliso yembewu, logama ezinye zikhuliswa ngenxa yamagqabi azo atyiwayo. Amagqabi nembewu zisetyenziselwa ukutyiwa ngabantu, kodwa isityalo sonke singatyiwa zizilwanyane. Iintlobo eziluhlaza ngombala azinabo ubukrakra zona xa kufaniswa nezi zibomvu ngombala.
Ingqolowa i-Amaranth zingakhula Phakathi ko 30 cm no 2 m ubude, zohluke ngokwe ntyatyambo, amagqabi, nombala wesikhondo somthi, kodwa umbala omfusa no bomvu ziqhelekile kuzo zontathu indawo zezityalo. Imbewu incinci (3000 yembewu ngokwe gram) imnyama ngombala ngaphandle kwentlobo zengqolowa apho umbala omdaka -mhlophe.

Ukukhulisa I-Amaranth

©Glenneis Kriel
i-Amaranth ayilinywa kakhulu eMzantsi Afrika; iye ivunwe endle xa ithe yavela emveni kwee mvula zokuqala. Uphando lwezifundo lwase Mzantsi Afrika nge Amaranth kwindawo ezichumileyo, lubonisa i-Amaranth ivelisa amagqabi amatsha afikelela kuma 40 t/ha. Umyinge we ngqolowa ye amaranth uhlukile kodwa i – 1 ton/ha iye ibonwe njenge sivuno esilungileyo okanye esibonakalayo.
i-Amaranth ikhetha ubushushu (obungaphezulu kwe 25℃ ) kwimvula yehlobo kumaphondo ase Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Kwazulu Natal, kunye nase North West. Iyayinyamezela imbalela kwaye ayiwuthandi umhlaba onamanzi ame kwizigingqi.
i-Amaranth isasazeka ngcono ngembewu- ukutyalwa ama 270 kg/ha kungcono. Xuba imbewu nomhlaba kumlinganiselo we 1:2 ze usasaze okanye utyale kwimiqolo ezibubude be 1 cm ubunzulu. Imiqolo kufuneka ihlulwe ngo 1 cm kweminye. Kwindawo zokulima ezincinci, lungisa umhlaba ngoko ngeza ipheyile lomgquba we nkomo okanye wee nkukhu kumhlaba ongu 1 square metre.
i-Amaranth ikhula kancinci kwiveki zokuqala ezimbalwa kwaye ingogqithwa lukhula. Ulawulo lokhula olulungileyo lunga thintela ezinye iingxaki njengoko ukhula luzisa iinkumbi nezifo. Izithinteli zenkumbi ezingaxutywanga (organic) ; umzekelo, iimveliso zakwa Neem zingaluncedo.
Usiko lokuqala lwamagqabi we Amaranth lungavelisa umlinganiselo we 1.0 – 1.5 kg /m2 nokuqhubeka ukhathalela isivuno kungavelisa ukufikelela ku 30kg/m2 zemveliso ezithengisekayo ngonyaka. Ukuhlala usika rhoqo kunyusa umlinganiselo we mveliso nomgangatho wamagqabi.
Isivuno siyanda kwimihlaba engaxinenanga, enezichumisi ezaneleyo ne pH eqikelelwa ku 6.4. iNitrogen ibalulekile ukuze amagqabi aphinde akhule emveni kokulima. Amafama athengisayo angasebenzisa umgquba weenkomo kwi 6 tons/ha okanye izichumisi ezithengiswayo ezinomlinganiselo we nitrogen omninzi.

uKuvuna i-Amaranth

Isivuno singavunwa ngendlela ezimbini – izityalo zonke zinga nqunyulwa xa zingama 20 cm okanye ziyekwe zikhule ukuze amagqabi akhiwe ngesandla kumaxesha athile. Susa iindawo ezikhulayo neentyatyambo ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwama gqabi.
Ezikhawulezayo ukukhula i-Amaranth zingavunwa kwintsuku ezingama 30 –ukuya kuma 55 wentsuku emveni kokutyala. Iiintanga ze Amaranth zivunwa xa amagqabi sele ejike athyeli ngombala. Kungcono ke ukuwavuna emveni kombethe omninzi okanye emveni kweveki yembalela ukuqinisekisa okokuba iintanga zomile. Iintloko ze zembewu okanye iintanga zinqunyulwa ngesandla zifakwe emapheyileni. Iintanga ezivuniweyo ziyomiswa kwiplastiki emthunzini kwaye kufuneka zihlolwe (ukuhlula iintanga kukhula), zicalulwe ngoko mgangatho ze zipakishwe ngokukhawuleza xa sele zomile kumlinganiselo we 11% ukufuma.
Kumazwe jikelele, imveliso ezithengiswayo ze Amaranth zisuka e-India, China, kuma Zantsi-Mpuma we Asia, Mexico, iintaba ze Andes nase United States apho uvuno lwenziwa ngoo matshini.

Translated by Zikhona Plaatjie