Tinhlavu letincane, letifana nemabele, ibarley, ioats ne triticale tihlaselwa tifo letiningi letehlukene letingahle tihlasele lokuphumako noma lizinga lenhlanyelo. Le Agricultural Research Centre-Indzawo yeLucwalingo neKulima ineluhla yalolokulandzelako njengetifo letibalulekile:
Tifo teMacembe ne Mahlanga
Rust (Kukhuntsa) sifo lesitselelanako lesihlasela kuphuma kanye nelizinga lenhlanyelo, nekulimana lokuningi kushiyane ngesimo sendzawo nalesitjalo noma netinhlobo letiningi letitsatsela melula kulokucindzeteleka lokutsite. Kukhuntsa kwelihlanga kutsatfwa nengentfo lephatamisako kunaloko kwelicembe kanye nekukhuntsa kwalokusalayini lecinile, kube kukhuntsa kwalokungumchele kuhlasela ioats.
Kugedvuka kungavikeleka ngekuhlanyela tinhlobo letehlukene letalako. Emakhemikhali alokutselelanako aphindze afakwe ngesikhatsi selicembe lesikhombisa kantsi nesigaba selicembe leflag kwentela kugcina kuhlola tifo, kusuka emalayini lacinile ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi kwengca kungavumi kwentalo. Ngetintsambo letinye, tinkinga tingavikeleka ngekutsi kuhlanyelwe tindumbu-letincane ngetikhatsi letisekucaleni.
Powdery Mildew ngulesinye sifo sekutselelana lesihlasela lamacembe kanye nemahlanga etindumbu letincane. Kukhuntsa lokufanako, kukhokha tinhlayiya letincane letiphila ekhuleni lelisele ngemuva noma titjalo letitinekele ngesikhatsi lesite-titjalo. Lesifo sivame kuvela emasimini lanetitjalo letimnyama letifakwe kakhulu manyolo. kufakwa kwemakhemikhali emacembe yindlela lephansi yegadza.
Septoria ivela etitjalweni letimnyama, emabele lafakwe kakhulu manyolo. Imilayini leyehlukene yetifo letitselelanako iyaphila, ngale Septoria leaf blotch kakhulu levela ngesikhatsi sekukhula simanti futsi sinemoya. Ngaphambili, balimi bebangabe sebashise tindzawo tabo kwentela kususa iseptoria, kepha lesisento asisanakwa kuletikhatsi tamanje njengoba kususa noma kubulala lokutfolwako naloko lokungatfolakali. Tindlela letinye letikahle kutsi kuhlanyelwe tinhlobonhlobo letiningi tetitjalo bese kwentiwa kuguculwa kwenhlanyelo kwentela kubulala lomjikelo waletifo.
Tifo te Ndlebe neNhlavu
emaBunts nema smuts tifo letitselelanako letihlasela tinhlavu letincane kanye nemacembu lamaningi etjani. Lokubalulekile kakhulu kwaloku yi loose smut ne covered smut, lokuhlasela tinhlavu letihlumako bese kwakha indlela yekuhlasela, ngemuva kwaloko letifo ticindzetela lelicembu letinhlayiya leliyinhloko bese liligucula libe tinhlavu tetinhlayiya letincane kakhulu letiningi. Kwelwashwa kwetinhlavu nguyona ndlela lesebentako yekuviekla letitifo, ngakoke ungatsatsi ematfuba ngetinhlavu letingakelwashwa.
Karnal bunt yatfolwa kucala eNingizimu Afrika ngenyanga yeNgongoni ngemnyaka wa 2000 endzaweni yekunisela iDouglas. Itsatfwa njengesifo sekuvalelwa, ngako kugedvuka lokusolwako kumele kubikwe kuTiko lwe Tekulima – Department of Agriculture. Tintfo letiningi tiyafakwa kwentela kuvikela kusakateka kwalesifo siphume kuletindzawo letihlaselekile, kufaka kuwashwa kwemishina yelipulazi ngemuva kwekuyisebentisa kulendzawo lehlaselekile.
Lolokutsambile ngekhatsi kwesitselo noma lintongomane nakuhlaselekile kuvela kumnyama, kulimele phindze kutfumele lokungasiko “kunuka kwemfishi”, lokubese kufakwa kufulawa losemkhatsini. Lesifo senta bulukhuni kulesitjalo bese kukhokha kuvutfwa kungakefiki sikhatsi kanye nekufa. Luhlolo lwemishina lwetinhlavu luyadzingeka kwentela kucondzisa ngekutfola lesifo, njengoba kungahlaseli lendlebe yonkhe sonkhe sikhatsi. Abelamanye emakhemikhali angasita kunciphisa tingoti tesifo, kute lokubhalisiwe namanjw kwentela kuvikela kutseleleka.
Sisekelo Selihlanga ne Tifo teMphandze
iTake-all ihlasela timphandze, inhloko kanye nelihlanga lwetindumbu, ikakhulu emabele. Lesi sifo lesitselelanako sivama kuvela ngendlela yemkhicito wemsebenti lomkhulu esikhatsini lesimfisha, lapho khona ipH yemhlabatsi iyi alkaline, imihlabatsi ayinayo initrogen leyenele phindze noma imanganese nekutsi tidvonseke ngalokuphansi. Lesifo sibakakhulu ngesikhatsi seminyaka lemanti nasemasimini laniselwako.
Kuguculwa kwenhlanyelo nguyona ndlela lencono yekugedvula umjikelo, kube kuciniseka ngesitjalo semabele kunemanutrients lenele kwentela kutfutfukisa timphandze letiphilile letikahle, kungasita nako.
Eyespot, Strawbreaker ngalokuphansi ihlasela emabele etindzaweni telitulu lasebusika. Lesifo sibakhona kakhulu ekucaleni kwekulima noma kuhlanyela, titjalo letifakwe kakhulu manyolo nasetindzaweni letingadvonswa kahle.
Lesifo sicekisa emagala lahamba ngalinye, latiwa ngekutsi yitillers, bese kuchubela ekuvutfweni kwetindlebe lokwenteke kungakafiki sikhatsi, lapho khona ngengucuko kungenta bulukhuni ekuvuneni emabele. Anakekelwa ngekuguculwa kwenhlanyelo kanye nekusetjentiswa kwemakhemikhali lavikela kutsi kungatseleleki.
Translated by Phindile Malotana