Iinthoro ezincani, ezifana nezekoroyi, ibhali, ihabura ne-triticale zibanjwa malwelwe ahlukahlukeneko angaba nomthelela esivunweni nofana ekhwalithi yesitjalo. I-Agricultural Research Centre ibala lokhu okulandlelo njengamalwelwe aqakathekileko:
Amalwelwe wamakari Nesiqu
I-Rust kubulwelwe be-fungal obubamba isivuno nekhwalithi yesitjalo, esingabanga umonakalo omkhulu ngokuya kobujamo bebhoduluko nesitjalo nofana ukwahlukahlukana kwemida ethileko evela ekoroyini eyonakeleko. Ubulwelwe obubamba isiqu obubizwa nge-rust buthathwa njengobenza umonakalo omkhulu ukudlula lobu obubizwa nge-lead and stripe rust, kuthi obubizwa nge-crown rust bubambe ihabura kwaphela.
Ukuqubuka kwamalwelwe bungakhandelwa ngokutjala ama-resistant ahlukahlukeneko. Ama-Fungicides ayasetjenziswa esikhathini esinengi esitejini se-seven leaf ne-flag leaf ukugcina amalwelwe asezingeni elilawulekako, njengombana ama-strains ngokukhamba kwesikhathi aphetha ngokungavumi ifuyo. Nakunamanye ama-strains, imiraro ingaphungulwa ngokutjala iinthoro ezincani ngesikhathi sokuthoma sonyaka.
I-Powdery Mildew ngenye yamalwelwe we-fungal obuthinta amakari nesiqu seenthoro ezincani. Njengokufana ne-rust, ikhiqiza ama-spores aphila eentsalwelweni nofana eentjalweni ezisalela emasimini lokha nasele kudlule isikhathi sonyaka sokulima. Amalwelwe arhagala khulu emasimini lapho iintjalo zitjalwe zaminyana bezathelwa neemvundisi khulu. Ukufaka i-foliar ye-fungicides kuyindlela yokuthoma yokulawula amalwelwe.
I-Septoria ivame ukuvela khulu ekoroyini etjalwe yaminyaniswa beyafakwa neenvundisi khulu. Imihlobohlobo yama-strains yamalwelwelwe we-fungal iyaphila, nama-septoria leaf blotch enzeka khulukhulu nakusikhathi sonyaka lapho kumanzi nanakunomoya. Esikhathini esidlulileko, abalimi bebatjhisa emaplasini wabo benzela ukuqeda nofana ukususa i-septoria, kodwana kwanjesi isenzo lesi sesiqalwa kumbi njengombana ukwenza lokhu kubulala ama-organisms anomthelela omuhle nomumbi eentjalweni. Iindlela ezincono kutjala ama-resistant ahlukahlukeneko nokusebenzisa indlela yokutjhintjhatjhintjha indawo yokutjala ukuqeda ukuqubuka kwamalwelwe. Ama-foliar fungicides enzelwe ukurhelebha ukulawuma amalwelwe.
Amalwelwe wendlebe Neenthoro
Ama-Bunts nama-smuts malwelwe we-fungal athintha iinthoro ezincani nemihlobo eminengi yotjani. Aqakatheke khulu wamanye wamalwelwe laa yi-loose smut ne-covered smut, ezithintha imbewu emilako ibese ithelela yoke imbewu ngobulwelwe, ngemva kwalokho ubulwelwe bungenelele ehlokweni yamathitjhu butjhuguluke bubema-spores amanengi. Ukulapha imbewu kuyindlela ephumelelisako emsinya yokukhandela ubulwelwe lobu, ngalokho ungazimoroseli isikhathi ngokusebenzisa iimbewu ezingakaqinisekiswa nofana ezingakalatjhwa.
I-Karnal bunt yatholwa kokuthoma eSewula Afrika ngenyanga kaNobayeni 2000 endaweni ye-Douglas emanzi. Ithathwa njengobulwelwe obufanele bugadwe bona bungatheleli ezinye iintjalo, ngalokho lokha nakunokusola bona ubulwelobu buqubuke kwezinye iindawo kufanele kwaziswe i-Department of Agriculture. Kunamahlelo ambadlwana esele asetjenziswa ukuvikela ukusabalala kwamalwelwe ukusuka eendaweni lapho aqubuke khona ukuya kwezinye iindawo, kufaka hlangana ukuhlwengisa imitjhini yokulima ngemva kobana isetjenziswe eendaweni lezo ezithinthwa malwelwe.
Ingaphakathi lamakari athinthwe bulwelwe libonakala ngokobana libe nombala omnyamana, lirhurhulekile begodu linephunga elingasimnandi sengathi ngelefesi, eliphumela ngephutjhini yekoroyi egayiweko. Ubulwelobu bukhandela ukukhula kwesitjalo begodu benze bona isitjalo sivuthwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi begodu sife. Ukuhlolisisa nge-microscope iimbewu kuyatlhogeka ukubona kuhle ubulwelwe obukhona, njengombana bungabambi indlebe yoke. Amanye ama-fungicides angarhelebha ekwehliseni iingozi zamalwelwe, akukho okuqinisekiweko ngalesi isikhathi okuvikela ukuthelelana.
Amalwelwe abamba Ingaphasi lesiqu Nemirabho
I-Take-all ithintha imirabho, ithuthumbo, nengaphasi lesiqu leenthoro, khulukhulu zekoroyi. Ubulwelobu be-fungal benzeka khulu emahlelweni wokukhiqiza anzinzileko, lapho ipH yehlabathi iyi-alkaline, ehlabathini ene-nitrogen etlhayelako nofana i-manganese kanye nokumunya amanzi kancani. Ubulwelobu burhagala khulu ngeminyaka lapho kumanzi khona begodu nemasimini ahlala amanzi.
Ukutjhintjhatjhintjha indawo yokutjalo kuyindlela ehle khulu ukujamisa ukuqubuka kwamalwelwe ngasosoke isikhathi, beyenze nesiqiniseko sokobana iintjalo zekoroyi zinezakhamzimba ezaneleko nokukuthuthukisa imirabho ephile kuhle kungarhelebha.
Ubulwelwe be-Eyespot, Strawbreaker buthintha ikoroyi yeendaweni lapho ekuna izulu lebusika khona. Ubulwelobu budlange khulu eentjalweni engasikade zitjaliwe, nezifakwa iimvundisi ezinengi begodu neendaweni ezimunya amanzi kancani.
Ubulwelobu benza buthaka amagatja, aziwa njenge-tillers, begodu irholele ekutheni iindlebe zivuthwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi, okwenza bona kubebudisi ukuvuna ikoroyi. Bungalawulwa ngokutjhintjhatjhontjha indawo yokutjala nokusebenzisa ama-fungicides.
Translated by Busisiwe Prudance Skhosana