Mavabyi ya Matluka na Tshindi
Rust i mavabyi ya fungal lawa ya hlaselaka mbuyelo na khwalithi ya swibyariwa, laha ya onhaka swinene kuya hi swiyimo swa mbango xikan’we na ximilani kumbe kukarhatiwa ka muxaka walowo eka ntshikelelo wokarhi. Ku rhosa ka tshindi switekiwa hintolovelo kuri leswi onhaka swinene kutlula ku rhosa ka matluka, loko hile tlhelo rhosi leyi yikarhata ntsena oats.Ku hangalaka swinga siveriwa hiku byala tinxaka leti kondzelelaka. Mimirhi leyi lwisanaka na fungi yitala kutirhisiwa eka switeji swa nkombo swa matluka kutiyisisa leswaku matluka aya hlaseriwi, tani hileswi yanga hetelelaka ya hlasela ximilani hinkwaxo. Eka yan’wani, swiphiqo leswi swinga papalatiwa hiku byariwa ka swimilani swa mbewu leswintsongo ekusunguleni ka nguva.
Powdery Mildew i yan’wana ya mavabyi ya fungi lawa ya hlaselaka matluka xikan’we na tshindi ya swimilani swa tindzoho. Kufana na rhosi, mavabyi lawa ya endla timbhovo letivaka kona eka swimilani naleswi kungariki nguva ya swona. Mavabyi ya humelela hi xitalo laha swimilani swinga byariwa switlhuma leswi nonisiwaka swinene. Kucheriwa ka foliar ya swidlaya fungi i maendlelo yanwana yavulawuri.
Septoria hi xitalo yavakona eka swimilani leswinga byariwa switlhuma, eka koroni leyinga nonisiwa. Mavabyi yotala ya fungi yakumeka, laha septoria leaf blotch yitalaka kuhumelela eka nguva yobyala loko ku tsakama naswona kuri na moya. Eka nkarhi lowu hundzeke, van’wamapurasi vangava varingete ku hisa mapurasi yavona hiku ringeta kuva va herisa septoria, kambe maendlelo lawa namuntlha ya khonyaniseriwa xikandza hikuva swi onha hi vumbirhi eka leswi swipfunaka na leswinga pfuneki nchumu. Tindlela to antswa iku byala tinxaka ta swimilani leswi kondzelelaka xikan’we naku tirhisa kucinca cinciwa ka swimilani ku ringeta ku herisa mavabyi lawa ya sihalalaka. Tinxaka totala ta foliar fungicides natona tikona ku pfuneta ku lawula mavabyi lawa.
Mavabyi ya Ndleve na Tindzoho
Bunts na smuts i mavabyi ya fungi lawa ya hlaselaka tindzoho letintsongo ta ti cereals xikan’we na tinxaka tin’wana ta byasi. Xankoka hileswi iku loose smut na covered smut, leswi hlaselaka mbewu leyi milaka kutani swi endla nhlaselo lowukulu, laha endzhaku kasweswo ya hlaselaka nhloko kutana swicinca kuva swimbhovani leswintsongo. Nsawutiso wa mbewu i ndlela leyi humelelaka eka nsivelo wa mavabyi lawa, se unga ringeti ku swiba hi makatla hikuva u tirhisa mbewu yoka yinga sawutisiwangi.Karnal bunt yi sungule kutiveka e Afrika Dzonga hi December 2000 eka ndzhawu ya ncheleto ya Douglas. Byi tekiwa tani hi mavabyi ya nkarhi, se ku ehleketeleriwa ka nhlaselo ku fanele kuva ku vikiwa eka Department of Agriculture. Magoza yohambana hambana ya fanele ku tekiwa ku sivela ku hangalaka kusuka eka ndzhawu leyi yanga kona, kukatsa naku hlantswiwa ka michini yale purasini endzhku kaloko yitirhisiwile eka ndzhawu leyi hlaseriweke.
Swimilani leswi hlaseriweke swivonaka hikuva na swicoticoti swantima, swikhukhuletile naswona swina risema “fishy smell”, leswi hundziseriwaka eka flawuri leyi gayiwaka. Maendlelo ya mavabyi lawa eka swimilani ya vanga leswaku swibyariwa swihatla swivupfa kutani swifa. Swikambelo swa Microscope eka mbewu swa laveka ku kota ku vona kahle mavabyi lawa, tani hileswi yanga taleki ku hlasela Ndleve hinkwayo. Loko mirhi yin’wani ya fungi yinga pfunaka ku hunguta mavabyi lawa, akuna nchumu lexinga tsarisiwa kusivela nhlaselo.
Mavabyi ya Tshaku na Timintsu
Take-all ya hlasela timintsu, matluka xikan’we na tshindi ra swimilani leswi swa tindzoho, ngopfu ngopfu koroni. Mavabyi lawa ya fungi yi humelela ngopfu eka vuhumelerisi lebyi swimilani swinga tlhuma swinene, laha pH ya misava yinga alkaline, misava yikayivelaka nitrogen xikan’we kumbe manganese kumbe yinga tswongi ngopfu mati. Mavabyi lawa yatele ngopfu eka malembe lawa ya tsakamaka swinene naswona eka masimu lawa ya cheletiwaka.Ku cinca cinciwa ka swimilani i ndlela yakahle ku herisa ku sihalala ka mavabyi lwa, hile tlhelo ya tiyisisa leswaku swimilani swina swakudya sworinganela ku hlohletela timintsu leti hanyeke kahle, naswona swinga pfuna.
Eyespot, Strawbreaker yitala ku hlasela koroni eka tindzhawu letingana timpfula ta xixika. Mavabyi lawa yatala kuva kona eka leyinga hatlisa ku byariwa, ku nonisiwa ngopfu ka swibyariwa xikan’we nale ka tindzhawu leti tswongeki kahle mati.
Mavabyi lawa ya hlasela swirhabyani, leswi tivekaka tani hiti tillers, kutani swi endla leswaku swimilani swi hatlisa swivupfa nkarhi wungase fika, leswi endlaka leswaku switika ku tshovela koroni. Swilawuriwa hikokwalaho ka ku cinca cinciwa ka swibyariwa xikan’we na kutirhisiwa ka mirhi leyi dlayaka fungi.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni