Izifo Ezihlasela Amaqabunga
Ukugqwala kuyisifo se-fungal esithinta kokubili isivuno kanye nesimiso sezitshalo, ngobukhulu bomonakalo kuye ngokuthi izimo zemvelo kanye nokuthinteka kwezitshalo noma ezihlukahlukene kunjani. Ukugqwala kwesitshalo kubhekwa njengokubhubhisa ngokujwayelekile kuneqabunga nokugqwala, ngenkathi ukugquma komqhele kuthinta kuphela ama-oats.Iziqhumane zingavinjelwa ngokutshala izinhlobo ezinemibala. Ama-fungicides nawo asetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile phakathi kwamaqabunga amaqabunga amaqabunga amaqabunga ama-flag ayisikhombisa ukuze kugcinwe lesi sifo, ngoba izinkinga zingase zithole ukunqanda ukumelana nokuzala. Ngezinkinga ezithile, izinkinga zinganciphisa ngokutshala okusanhlamvu ezincane ekuqaleni kwenkathi.
I-Powdery Mildew ingenye isifo esiwumfutho esithinta amaqabunga neziqu zezitshalo ezincane. Njengoba kufana nokugqwala, ikhiqiza izinhlamvu eziphila ezinkolweni zommbila noma izitshalo zokuzithandela ngezikhathi ezingezona izitshalo. Lesi sifo ngokuvamile sivela emasimini amaningi asetshalwe ngaphezulu. Izinhlelo ze-Foliar ze-fungicides yiyona ndlela eyinhloko yokulawula.
I-septoria iyenzeka ikakhulukazi etshalwe kakhulu, ukolweni obuningi ovuthiwe. Kunezifo ezihlukahlukene zalesi sifo, kanti i-leaflet ye-septoria ivela ngokuyinhloko lapho isikhathi sokukhula sinomanzi futhi sinomoya. Esikhathini esidlule, abalimi bangase bashise amazwe abo ukuze bahlukane ne-septoria, kodwa lo mkhuba uyanconywa namhlanje ngoba ubhubhisa izinto eziphilayo ezizuzisayo nezingenasisindo. Izinketho ezingcono ukuhlwanyela izinhlobo eziphikisanayo futhi usebenzise ukujikeleza kwezitshalo ukuze uqede umjikelezo wesifo. Kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-fungicides foliar futhi zikhona ukusiza ukulawula lesi sifo.
Izifo Zendlebe Nezinhlamvu
Ama-bunts kanye nama-smuts yizifo ze-fungal ezihlasela okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu okuncane nezinhlobo eziningana zotshani. Okubaluleke kakhulu kulawa yi-smut evulekile futhi ehlanganisiwe, ehlasela imbewu ehlumayo bese edala ukutheleleka kwesistimu, emva kwalokho isifo sifinyelela esihlokweni sekhanda futhi siyiguqule eminzini yezinhlamvu. Ukwelashwa kwembewu kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuvimbela lesi sifo, ngakho ungathathi amathuba ngembewu engaqinisekisiwe noma engelapheki.I-Karnal bunt yaqale yabonakala eNingizimu Afrika ngoDisemba 2000 endaweni yase-Douglas yokunisela. Kuthathwa njengesifo sokuhlukanisa, ngakho-ke ukusobala okusolakala ukuthi kufanele kubikwe eMnyangweni Wezolimo. Kunezinyathelo ezihlukahlukene zokuvimbela ukusakazeka kwesifo esivela endaweni ethintekile, kubandakanya ukuhlanzwa kwemishini yasemapulazini ngemuva kokusebenza komhlaba othintekile.
Ama-kernels abathintekayo avele aphuzi, aphulukisiwe futhi akhipha inhlamba ethi "fishy smell", edluliselwa kufulawa olubiziwe. Lesi sifo sigxilisa ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye nemiphumela yokuvuthwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi nokufa. Ukuhlolwa okuncane kwembewu kuyadingeka ukuze kutholakale kahle lesi sifo, ngoba akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthinta indlebe. Nakuba ezinye izifungicides zingasiza ukunciphisa izigameko zezifo, akukho lutho olubhaliselwe ukuvimbela ukutheleleka.
Izifo Ezihlasela Impande
Thatha-konke kuthinta izimpande, umqhele kanye nesisekelo sezinhlamvu, ikakhulukazi ukolweni. Lesi sifo se-fungal sitholakala ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza eziqinile, lapho inhlabathi i-pH ingama-alkaline, inhlabathi ayinayo i-nitrogen noma i-manganese futhi ayidli kahle. Lesi sifo sivelele nakakhulu phakathi neminyaka emanzi nasemasimini anisele.Ukutshala ukujikeleza kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuqeda umjikelezo wesifo, kuyilapho uqinisekisa ukuthi izitshalo zikakolweni zinezakhi ezanele zokuthuthukisa izimpande ezinhle, zizosiza.
Eyespot, I-Strawbreaker ngokuyinhloko ithinta ukolweni endaweni yemvula yasebusika. Lesi sifo sivame kakhulu ekuhlwanyelweni kokuqala, izitshalo ezitshalisiwe kanye nasezindaweni ezinamanzi ampofu.
Lesi sifo senza buthakathaka amagatsha angasese, okubizwa ngokuthi ama-tillers, futhi aholela ekuvuthweni kwezindlebe ngaphambi kwesikhathi, okuzokwenza kube nzima ukuvuna ukolweni. Ilawulwa ngokujikeleza kwezitshalo nokusetshenziswa kwamafungicides.
Translated by Nsika Khoza