Bhatata (ipomoea batatas) akahlobani nemazambane latiwako kakhulu. Bobhatata bacondzene nemndeni wasekuseni phindze bakhicita noma bakhokha timphandze letigcinwako. Lenhlanyelo idlala inzima lemcoka kakhulu kundlela yekudla kumave ala eNingizimu Afrika, kufaka ekhatsi iNingizimu Afrika. Bhatata kudla lokumcoka futsi yinhlanyelo lecosha indlala lengasetjentiswa ekulweni nekusakateka kwemavithamini lahlulekile ekucala lokwenta kutsi kungalahleki indlela ye masotja kanye nekuphila kwemehlo.
Tinhlobonhlobo tabobhatata tingahlukaniseka ngetihlobo letimbili:
• Leto letinesikhumba lesilula umatiphekiwe
• Leto letinesikhumba lesinambutelako umatiphekiwe
Letiphandze tingatfolakala ngemibala lehlukahlukene noma leminingi. Lesigogo noma sikhumba singaba mhlophe, singaba mtfubi, singaba phinki, singaba luphuti, singaba lukhwebeleti noma sibe nsundvu lobovana. Libala lalesigogo noma sikhumba singahluka kusuka kulesimhlophe namtfubi kuya ku luphuti lokhanya kancane noma luphuti lotopele. Tinhlobonhlobo temtimba loliphuti tinemsoco ku mtfubi noma luphuti phindze ngaleyondlela isetjentiswa etindzaweni tekudla kukhomba noma kuveta kwehluleka kwemavithamini. Bobhatata bayindlela yemsoco yemandla kepha baphindze bangete emavithamini esitsatfu kanye nemaminerali lafana nemaginiziyami (layisiliva), lokulutfusi,iayoni kanye ne zinki emtimbeni webantfu. Lamacembe anika emaphrotheni langetekile, emavithamini kanye nemaminerali.
Ligama Lelatiwako: Bhatata Lomhlophe
Sesotho: Potata e tshweuSetswana: Potata e tshweu
isiXhosa: lbhatata emhlophe
isiZulu: Ubhatata omhlope
Xitsonga: Nhlata yotshoka
Sepedi: Potata e tshweu
lsiNdebele: lbhutata elimhlophe
Tshivenda: Murambo mutshena
Swati: Bhatata Lomhlope
Umhlaba: Bobhatata bahluma kahle emhlabatsini losalubumba noma lolubumba. Lenhlanyelo idzinga indzawo lesefa kahle futsi iyincelencele kumanti lahlangene, neluswayi kanye nalokuyingoti. Simo lesikahle/lesingiso se pH (H20) ngu 5.6-6.5. umhlabatsi lonematje noma lolubumba awusiko kahle,lefutsi awuvumeli kuhlangana (kwakha) timphandze letinhle.
Simo selitulu/semvula: Bhatata yinhlanyelo lelungela sikhatsi lesishisa kancane, lokusho kutsi emalanga lafutfumele kancane kanye nebusuku ayalungela kukhula nekwakheka. Bobhatata bayahlupha kumazinga laphansi ekushisa, ikakhulu sitfwatfwa. Bhatata angalinywa kutotonkhe tifundza tala Ningizimu Afrika umangabe indlela yekutfola emanti ikhona. Lenhlanyelo iyayemukela indlela yesomiso uma nje letimphandze setakhekile.
Tinhlobonhlobo: Loluphuti: Imphilo kanye na W-119 (Komile); Beauregard (kumanti) Sigogo lesi Lukhwebeleti (yimakethe lehlobile).
Kujikeleta Kwenhlanyelo: Kujikeleta kwenhlanyelo kubalulekile kwentela kuvikela kukhula kwemagciwane kanye netilokatane. Bobhatata akukameli bahlanyelwe ngetulu kwesikhatsi sinye eminyakeni lemitsatfu emhlabatsini munye. Sikhatsi lesingiso sekubuyela kwemhlabatsi kwenhlanyelo lefana nemaphizi, likhabishi, emabhontjisi kanye nemmbila kufuna kufakwe esikhatsini salokujikeleta, ikakhulu lapho kwakheka kwayo kuyinkinga.
Kusakata: Kusakateka kwawo kwenteka nakujutjwe luhlanga. Tincentu temahlanga letingemashumi lamabili kuya kumashumi lamatsatfu emasentimitha budze ayadzinga kutsatfwa ayojutjwa. Lamacembe angasuswa kulamahlanga ngaphambi ahlanyelwe, kepha asikho sidzingo. Kujuba ngetulu kunemandla lamakhulu kunekujuba nomakuphi kuletinye tindzawo temavini. Lokunye kujutjwa kulungiselelwa kusuka ekubekweni kwetimphandze: Hlanyela kubekwa kwetimphandze letivalwe ngemhlabatsi. Uma emahlumela angemashumi lamabili nesihlanu kuya kumashumi lamatsatfu ngebudze, wajube bese uwasebentisa ekuhlanyeleni.
Juba emashumi lamabili kuya kumashumi lamatsatfu emasentimitha laphilile, kujutjwa kwetintfutfwane nemagciwane nge mukhwa lokhaliphile noma tikelo tekujuba tihlahla. Bahlanyele embhedzeni wakho ngekuvala hhafu webudze bawo ngemhlabatsi lomanti. Cindzetela umhlabatsi lodvutane khona lomhlabatsi utophuma uvumelane neluhlanga, ngaleyondlela ukhulisa kukhula kwetimphandze ngekushesha. Nisela letihlahla ngekushesha emva kwekutihlanyela. Sonkhe sikhatsi juba sihloko esihlahleni lesiphilile. Ungasebentisi emavini abhatata lophiwe yena ngoba loku kungaletsa tilokatana kanye nemagciwane.
Kulungiselela Umhlabatsi: Tsambisa lomhlabatsi ngekuhlolisisa ngekutsi uhlanyele noma usebentise imfologo, sebentisa likhuba noma lifosholo. Tsambisa lomhlabatsi uwente ushone ema milimitha lamakhulu lamabili nemashumi lasihlanu kuya kumakhulu lamatsatfu kwentela kutfola kuphumela emoyeni kwetimphandze, kucindzeteleka kwetimphandze kanye nekusefeka. Khweshisa ematje bese ubulala imincele lecinile kwentela kutsi timphandze ticindzeteleke kahle. Tonkhe tigadla kumele tibulawe ngekusebentisa lihharigi noma lifosholo lelincane lesandla kuze lombhedze ubekahle. Vala noma mbonya tinhlanyelo (ngamanyolo loluhlata) ungahlanyelwa phindze usetjentwe emhlabatsini etinyangeni letintsatfu kuya kuyesine kungakaphumi lenhlanyelo.
Indlela Yekuhlanyela: Kugcuma: letihlahla tihlanyelwa emagcumeni noma etintsatjaneni. Lamagcuma atfolwa kakhulu etindzaweni letivama kutfola zamcolo tiphindze tilula ekuvuneni. Letijutjiwe tilaliswa kumagcuma lamashumi lamatsatfu emasentimitha ngekwehlukana nasekugcineni lokunemhlabatsi. Tigodzi telinani lelikahle takhiwe, lamavini abekwa kuletigodzi bese umhlabatsi ucindzetelwa phansi ugegelete lokujutjiwe. Lokujutjiwe kuhlanyelwa kumiswe nemacembe lasandza kuhluma lamatsatfu kuya kulamane (netinhlola) letingaphansi kwemhlabatsi longetulu
Umbhedze lolinganako: Labanye balimi bahlanyela bobhatata emibhedzeni lelinganako emhlabatsini lolidzaka lonemiphumela lemihle.
Sikhala: Bhatata angentiwa inhlanyelo emasimini kunasengadzeni lesekhaya yetibhidvo. Kwentiwa kutsi bhatata uyagijima futsi utsatsa sikhala lesikhulu/lesiningi.
Ingadze yasekhaya (lapho khona sikhala sikalekile) lilayini linye noma mabili angalunga. Beka emahlanga lajutjiwe lamashumi lamabili nesihlanu kuya kumashumi lamatsatfu nesihlanu emasentimitha ngekwehlukana (noma budze bemlomo welifosholo) kulelilayini. Tintsatjana letininganga noma emagcuma lalimitha linye ngekushiyana ayasetjentiswa. Kepha kungaba mashumi layimfica kuya ekhulwini nemashumi lasihlanu emasentimitha ngekushiyana kwentela kukhicita ensimini noma emasentimitha lamashumi lasiphohlongo kuya kumashumi layimfica etingadzeni tasekhaya, ungaphindze ube ngemasentimitha lamashumi lamatsatfu kuya kumashumi lamane kuya etulu.
Sikhatsi Sekuhlanyela: Tindzawo letinesitfwatfwa lesincane noma lesilula: Ekucaleni kwe Lweti kuya emkhatsini we Ngongoni. Tindzawo letinesitfwatfwa lesicinile: Emkhatsini weLweti kuya ekucaleni kweNgongoni. Tindzawo letite sitfwatfwa: Ingci kuya kunyenga yeNdlovu. Etindzaweni letipholile yinyanga yeNyoni kuya kunyenga yeNdlovana. Tindzawo letinetimvula ngesikhatsi sebusika: emkhatsini wenyanga yeLweti kuya ekucaleni kwenyanga yeNgongoni; Lweti lona liyatsandzeka.
Manyolo: Imifanekiso yemhlaba imele itsatfwe etinyangeni letisemuva kungakafiki sikhatsi sekuhlanyela kwentela kutsi kusheshe kubonakale tinkinga letingabakhona emhlabatsini. Tinhlobonhlobo tabomanyolo tingafakwa kushiyane ke kutsi lomhlaba uluhlobo lolunjani. Le Amoniyami salifethi ivama kunciphisa ipH emhlabatsini ibe iLAN ikhulisa ipH emhlabatsini.
Kwenta lokwatiwako/lokunconywako: Bhatata udla kakhulu initrogen kanye ne potassium ngakoke linani la N na K lidzinga kugcinwa lisetulu. Kubekisela kutinkhulungwane tema kg/ha (likhulu lema g/m2) yamanyolo lohlanganisiwe lofana ne 2:3:4 (emashumi lamatsatfu) longasakatwa kungakacali kuhlanyelwa futsi ungasebentiswa kulomhlabatsi kancane kungukhani kwentiwa emagcuma. Kumhlaba loludzaka lelinani lingakhuliswa liye kunkhulungwane nemakhulu lamabili ema kg/ha. Faka sinongo ngetulu lesilikhulu nemashumi lamabili kuya ekhulwini nemashumi lasihlanu ema kg/ha LAN (bese kuba lishumi nakubili lemamitha kulinye lilayini) noma emakhulu lamabili ema kg/ha (lokumashumi lamabili ema g/m2) le amoniyami salifethi emavikini lamatsatfu emuva kwekuhlanyela bese ngemaviki lasitfupha emuva kwekuhlanyela nakudzingeka. Umhlabatsi loludzaka ungadzinga kumbe timbili tinongo tangetulu. Nisela kahle emuva kwekufaka manyolo.
Lolokubolile kungasetjentiswa kulekelela incenye yamanyolo longumutsi. Nomakunjalo, lolokubolile kumele kuvutfwe kahle (tinyanga letisitfupha). Noma ke usetjentiswe emhlabatsini ngalesinye sikhatsi kungakahlanyelwa. Lishumi nesihlanu kuya kumashumi lamabili em3 (tandla letine letinkhulum2) letingasakatwa tiphindze tigucule tingakahlanyelwa.
Kunisela: Bhatata ulinganiselelwa kubeketelela somiso. Kusho kutsi lenhlanyelo ichubeka ikhicite lidvwala ngaphansi kwesimo lesomile. Kepha kushoda kwemanti kunciphisa lelidvwala. Kukhatsata kwemanti ngesikhatsi semaviki ekucala emuva kwekuhlanyela kanye nesikhatsi sekwakheka kwetimphandze (ngemalanga lamashumi lamatsatfu kuya kumashumi lasitfupha emuva kwekuhlanyelwa) kungenta emadvwala lamancane.
Kuvuna: Letimphandze letigciniwe tivame kulungela kuvunwa enyangeni yesine (etindzaweni letifutfumele) kuya enyangeni yesihlanu (etindzaweni letilinganako) emuva kwekuhlanyela. Umhlaba kumele ubelula ngesikhatsi sekuvuna kwentela kuvikela kwephuka nekulimala kwesikhumba. Kugodla noma kubamba kunisela kusuka emalangeni emashumi lamatsatfu kungakefiki sikhatsi sekuvuna njengendlela yekuphilisa insimu. Etindzaweni letifutfumele kujuba imivini ngemalanga lamane kuya kulasikhombisa kungakavunwa kwentela kuvikela.
Sebentisa imfologo yesandla kuvukulula timphandze letingaphansi bese ukhokha ngesandla. Ungasebentisi likhuba noma lifosholo. Yenta siciniseko kutsi awubulali timphandze letingaphansi nawuvuna. Letimphandze letingaphansi tingavunwa kanye njengekudzingeka. Uma sikhatsi lesidze sivunywa, letimphandze tibese tibatinkhulu kakhulu.
Shikisha noma hlikihla lomhlabatsi uwususe/uwukhokhe kulo bhatata, muwashe bese uwushiya elangeni utokhona koma lihora linye kuya kulamabili uma emazinga ekushisa alinganiselela etulu. Ezingeni lekushisa lelingemashumi lamatsatfu nakubili timphandze letivuniwe tingashiswa lilanga ngemzuzu lomashumi lamatsatfu. Uma ashiywe ensimini ebusuku ezingeni lekushisa lelingaphansi kwemazinga lasihlanu, kulimala kuyavela. Kugcine endzaweni lepholile futsi leyomile (lenelizinga lelilishumi nesihlanu).
Kubekwa: Bobhatata bangagcinwa babasha emaviki lamatsatfu kuya kulasitfupha emuva kwekuvunwa. Ungagcini timphandze letilimele.
Labobhatata bangaphindze bashiywe phansi kuze kube sikhatsi lapho ubadzinga khona. Kuncono kuchubekisa sikhatsi sekuvuna ngekutsi uhlanyele evikini lesibili ngasosikhatsi sekuhlanyela.
Khumbula: unganisela ngalesosikhatsi. Etindzaweni letibandzako letinemazinga laphansi tingabulala lendzawo letigcina letimphandze emhlabatsini. Uma futsi emazinga ekushisa avumela, labobhatata bangaba bakhulu kakhulu.
Indzawo lebita kancane ingentiwa emhlabatsini loshona kancane. Beka umgibe wetjani lobomile kulomgodzi. Pakisha bobhatata labaphilile emgibeni longemashumi lamane kuya kulasihlanu emashumi ngekushona phansi. Vala ngetjani kanye nemhlaba lowomile. Gcibedzela ngemfulelo yetjani. Lobhatata angagcineka tinyanga letine. Ungayisebentinsi lendlela etindzaweni ngesikhatsi sasebusika lesinetimvula.
Kusetjentiswa: Bobhatata bangasetjentiswa ngetindlela letehlukene
Timphandze tangaphansi tingadliwa tiluhlata, tibilisiwe, tibhakiwe noma tiphekiwe
Etihlokweni (temahlanga) kanye nemacembe lamancane angadliwa njengesibhidvo
Lokuncane lokusele kwenhlanyelo kungasetjentiswa njengekudla kwetilwane letifuyiwe
Timphandze letigcineke ngaphansi tingasetjentiswa ekwakheni sinkhwa, timfanelo tekubhaka, emachips, jamu kanye nejusi
Tilokatane Kanye Nemagciwane
Tilokatane
Emabhungane lamancane abhatataEmabhungane lamakhulu adla tjani. Letibungu tihamba tiye kuletimphandze ngaphansi nakumahlanga.
Kulawula:
Kujika kwenhlanyelo kungasita ekunciphiseni kukhula kwemabhungane.
Emagcumeni etimphandze letingaphansi tinganciphisa buningi betilokatane.
Shisa tonkhe tihlahla letinetilokatane emva kwekuvuna.
Sebentisa tihlahla letingenato tilokatane noma tibungu.
Ungahlanyeli tihlahla letijutjiwe dvute nalapho bekunenhlanyelo yabhatata khona phambilini.
Susa tonkhe timphandze tangaphansi nawuvuna bese phindze ungasebentisi lokujutjiwe lokuchamuka kumavolontiya (tihlahla letivela ensimini lapho bhatata bekahlanyelwe khona esikhatsini lesengcile).
Nciphisa kugatuka kwemhlaba.
Cekisa/nciphisa sikhatsi sekuhlanyela khona letimphandze letingaphansi tingatobakhona ngesikhatsi sesomiso.
Kuvuna lokukaliwe, njengoba tindzawo letingaphansi ngesikhatsi sesomiso sikhutsata noma sibhebhetela kufa noma siyabulala.
Sibungu senyoni ya bhatata
Sibungu lesikhulu lesiluhlata kuya kunsundvu (sibungu selivivane) lesine “luphondo loluncane” ngasemuva kwemtimba. Tidla emacembe ngesikhatsi sasebusuku.
Kulawula:
Kutsatsa tibungu ngesandla kwanele uma tinombolo tingekho etulu.
Emagciwane Asemasimini
Fusarium wiltYentiwa yi Fusarium oxysporum, lesi sifo singenta kulahleke emadvwala lamancane. Uma ujuba kulelihlanga lesihlahla lesilimele, libala lelisabovana kuyakunsundvu etintfo temtimba letingabonakala. Lamacembe agucuka abemtfubi,abemunyama bese ayafa. Tihlahla letinalesifo tibese titselela lomhlaba.
Kulawula
Kumelela tihlahla kuyahluka.
Sebentisa emathuluzi ekuhlanyela lete emagciwane.
Gucula tinhlanyelo letite baholi.
Kala ngendlela longakhona ngayo ngenkinga yemanti kanye nemazinga ekushisa lasetulu ngesikhatsi sekukhula.
Emagciwane lalula
Licashata lelisecembeni le Alternaria, Kubola lokulula, Sclerotium Wilt, Scurf Kuwa nekubola kwesigogo selinyawo.
Indzawo Legcine Emagciwane
Ngesikhatsi sekugcina noma kulondza, tibola tibotjotele, lingetulu liyabola bese nekubola lokomile kungenteka.
Kulawula
Ungavuni uma umhlaba umanti.
Ungabulali timphandze ngesikhatsi sekuvuna. Washa nomga geza umhlabatsi bese ulapha timphandze.
Ungagcini bobhatata labalimele nalabo labakhomba timphawu temagciwane.
Bavikele bobhatata kungukhani ubagcina.
Sifo Semagciwane
Ligciwane leboya lelinelibala (SPFMV) ngusona sifo lesatiwako lesihlasela bobhatata. Ngaletinye tikhatsi sitfolwa sihlangene naletinye tifo. Noma timphawu tingavami kubonakala kulamacembe, lamadvwala ayakhula ngekushesha bese lapho kunetimphandze khona kuyagagabuka. Uma akhona, timphawu tivama kubonwa emacembeni lamadzala tikhombe emacashata kanye netindlela letikhanyako. Tihlahla letisheshe titseleleke timandzawonye bese emacembe ato abamancane.
Transmission:
SPFMV itseleleka ngetilwanyana letitinhlobonhlobo letitfola lesifo esihlahleni lesitselelwe ngaphansi kwemzuzu munye bese itselela sihlahla lesiphilako.
Kulawula:
Sifo sesihlahla/sitjalo-tintfo tamahhala tekuhlanyela – tfola kujuba kulabanelilungelo lekukhulisa emavini noma ku ARC-VOPI.
Lawula lukhula ngekhatsi naleligegelete insimu, ikakhulu le Ipomoea yasehlatsini.
Sebentisa kubuka lokuphilile, tintfo tetitjalo letinemandla lamakhulu.
Khokha titjalo tabhatata lophiwe wona, likhula netibi letisakatekile esikhatsini lesengcile kungakahlanyelwa.
Tintfo letivuselelwe tekuhlanyela njalo ngemnyaka wesibili kuya kuwesitsatfu.
Hlobisa tonkhe tintfo lotisebentisa nawujuba ngejikhi lenemandla.
Kunaka Inhlanyelo
Kuhlakula kumcoka kakhulu ngenyanga yekucala emva kwekuhlanyela. Kuhlakula kungenteka emkhatsini wetitjalo ngekusebentisa likhuba noma ukhokhe ngesandla. Kufuna unakekele kutsi ungabulali emavini. Kuhlakula ngekekudzingeke uma emacembe etitjalo avala umhlaba. Bobhatata bangatfutfukiswa njenge nhlanyelo yinye noma lehlanganiswe nemabele, luhlavu, ummbila, icassava nalokunye.Translated by Phindile Malotana