Nhlata (lpomoea batatas) awuna vuxaka nabyintsongo na mazambala lawa hinga watolovela. Nhlata wu wela eka tinxaka ta swakudya leswi dyiwaka wahari mixo naswona wuhumelerisa swakudya swakahle swinene leswi dyekaka swa timintsu. Swibyariwa leswi swina xiave xa nkoka swinene eka swakudya swa matiko yalaha dzongeni wa Afrika, kukatsa na Afrika Dzonga. Nhlata i swakudya swankoka no hlongola vusiwana leswinga tirhisiwaka hikuva switalele hi Vitamin A leyi pfunaka swinene eka rihanyo ra vanhu na matihlo lawa ya hanyeke kahle.
Tinxaka to hambana ta minhlata letinga kona ti avanyisiwe hi swiave swimbirhi
Kuna leyinga oma endzeni loko yiswekiwile
Kuva na leyi tsakamaka kumbe kuvevuka loko yiswekiwile
Timintsu leti hlayisaka swakudya tikumeka hi mihlovo yohambana hambana. Nhlonge ya nhlata yingava yobasa, xitshopani, pink, orenji, purple kumbe yotshuka kuya eka buraweni. Endzeni ka yona nakona ka hambana kusuka eka ku basa na xitshopani kuya eka orenji wo vonikela kumbe wo dzwihala. Leyi yinga ya orenji endzeni yi fuwile hi beta-carotene leswi endlaka leswaku yitirhisiwa eka mapfhumba ya swakudya lawa ya tirhisiwaka kulwisana na nkayivelo wa vitamin A. Minhlata yinyika swinene matimba naswona yi hoax xandla eka ku engetelela vitamin c na ti minerali to fana na magnesium, copper, iron na zinc emirini wa munhu. Matluka ya kona yana ti protein, vitamin na timinerali.
Vito: Nhlata Wobasa
Sesotho: Potata e tshweuSetswana: Potata e tshweu
isiXhosa: lbhatata emhlophe
isiZulu: Ubhatata omhlope
Xitsonga: Nhlata wobasa
Sepedi : Potata e tshweu
lsiNdebele: lbhutata elimhlophe
Tshivenda : Murambo mutshena
Swati: Bhatata Lomhlope
Misava: Minhlata yimila no hanya kahle eka misava ya sandy-loam, loam kumbe misava ya clayey-loam. Swimilani swakona swilava laha kufikaka mati kambe yanga talangi naswona aswitsakeli laha kungana nhlangasi kumbe laha kungana misava leyingan alkaline. Optimum pH (H20) is 5.6 - 6.5. Laha kungana maribye kumbe misava ya vumba ahi ndzhawu yakahle kubyala mihlata hikuva yisivela leswaku mihlata yikula kahle nakuva timintsu tinghenelela ehansi ka misava leswaku titava na swakudya swakahle.
Maxelo: Minhlata yitsakela maxelo lawa yakufumelaka, leswi vulaka leswaku masiku na vusiku byo kufumela byina nkoka eka kukula ka yona. Mihlata ayikoti ku hanya kahle laha kunga hola kumbe kutitimela ngopfu ngopfu laha kungana gwitsi. Mihlata yinga byariwa kwihi na kwihi laha swifundzeni swa tiko ra Afrika Dzonga loko yitlhela yikota kuva yicheletiwa. Swimilani swakona swikota ku kondzelela na nkarhi wa dyandza ngopfu ngopfu loko se timintsu tidzimiwile ehansi ka misava.
Cultivators: Orange-fleshed: lmpilo and W-119 (dry); Beauregard (moist) Purple skin (fresh market): Blesbok, Bosbok (moist) Cream skin: Ndou, Monate (dry)
Ku Cinca Cinca Swimilani: Ku cinca cinca swimilani swina nkoka swinene eka kusivela mavabyi naku tala kumbe kuhangalaka ka switsotswana. Mihlata ayifanelanga ku byariwa kuhundza kanwe eka malembe yanharhu hiku landzelelana eka misava yin’we.
Swimilani leswinga fanela kuva swibyariwa hileswi kotaka kuvuyelerisa misava kufana na tinyawa, khavichi na mavele ngopfu ngopfu eka misava leyi hatlisaka kuva yihelela hiswakudya.
Matsemelo Na Mabyalelo Ya Tshindi: Maendlelo lawa i yaku tsema tshindi. Tshindi rakona rifanele kuva kwalomu ka 20-30 cm hiku leha. Matluka yafanele kususiwa eka tshindi loko ringa se ya byariwa nakambe, kambe sweswo aswina nkoka. Kutsema hile henhla swinga onha swinene eka swirho swinwana swa swimila leswi. Nkarhi wunwana kutsemiwa swinga endliwa kusuka eka timintsu letinga khoma swakudya. Ku byariwa ka timintsu swinga endliwa hikuva tifunengetiwa himisava. Loko seswimirile no leha kwalomu ka 25-30 cm, tinga tshoviwa kumbe kutsemiwa titlhela tiya tirhisiwa kumbe kubyariwa nakambe.
Unga tsema 20-30 cm wa tshindi leri hanyeke kahle, leri pfumalaka switsotswana na mavabyi leswinga endliwaka hi mukwana wokarhiha swinene. Ya byali eka misava leyi lulamisiweke hikuva u saletela hi misava yotsakama kukondza yasala ntsena hafu ya wona. Tshikelela laha matlhelo ka wona kutiyisisa leswaku misava yitiyerile no tiyisa tshindi leswingata endla leswaku ya hatlisa ya mila timintsu. Cheleta swibyariwa hi mati loko u heta ku byala. Tiyisisa leswaku u tsema tshindi leri hanyeke kahle himinkarhi hinkwayo. Unga tirhisi matshindi yosuka eka swimilani leswingalo timilela hiswoxe hikuva swingava na switsotswana na mavabyi.
Kululamisa Misava: Misava yilava ku ceriwa kumbe kurimiwa kahle hiku tirhisa xikomu, foroko kumbe xipedi. Yilava kurimiwa ku kondza yifika eka 250-300 mm leswaku timintsu tita kota kunghenelela xikanwe no nava kahle ehansi. Susa maribye kumbe kufayelela maguvadi hiku tirhisa hariki hambi xikomu kukondza misava yilulamela kubyala. Manyoro yanga cheriwa emisaveni kwalomu ka 3-4 wa tinhweti loko kungase byariwa swimila swihi kumbe swihi.
Mabyalelo: 1. Mugerho: swimilani leswi swabyaleka emigerhweni. Mugerho wupfuna laha tindzhawu takona tingavaka na makhukhula naswona wu endla leswaku swiolova ku tshovela. Tshindi ribyariwa eka 30cm kuya eka rinwana e ribuweni ra mugerho. Laha kunga vekeriwa tshindi kufanele kutshikeleriwa leswaku rita tiya swinene. Tshindi ribyariwa riyimele henhla laha 3-4 wa marhengu ya nghenaka ehansi ka misava leswaku yata humesa timintsu.
2. Flatbed: va nwamapurasi vanwana valulamisa ndzhawu leyi vange i flatbed leswaku vata kota kubyala eka yona eka misava leyingana sandi leswaku vata kuma mbuyelo wa kahle swinene.
Mavekelelo: Nhlata wutekiwa tani hi xibyariwa xale masinwini kungari ekaya tani hi matsavu. Leswi swiendliwa hileswi swimilani leswi swikotaka kunava naswona switeka ndzhawu yikulu swinene.
Exirhapeni xale kaya (laha ndzhawu yinga yintsongo) ntila wunwe kumbe yimbirhi yingava yilulamile. Vekela tshindi riva exikarhi ka 25 – 35 exikarhi (mpimo wa xipedi) eka ntila wun’we. Hixitalo mugerho na ribuwa ra yona rifanele kuva na mpimo woringana 1m hiuk hambana. Swinga koteka kuva yiva kwalomu ka 90-150 cm hiku hambana kumbe 80-90 cm exirhapeni xale kaya, naswona kungava 30-40 cm hiku leha.
Nkarhi Wo Byala: Eka tindzhawu letingariki na gwitsi rikulu: Emasunguleni ya November kuya exikarhi ka December. Eka tindzhawu leti gwitsi swinene: Exikarhi ka November kuya emasunguleni ya December. Kasi eka tindzhawu leti kupfumalaka gwitsi: Kusuka hi August kuya eka March. Eka tindzhawu leti tinga hola, kusuka hi September kuya eka February. Eka tindzhawu letingana mpfula hi xixika: Exikarhi ka November kuya emasunguleni ya December; November yiva nkarhi wa kahle.
Kunonisa Misava: Swikombiso swa misava swifanele kutekiwa tinhweti loko kungase byariwa leswaku kuta ololoxiwa swiphiqo leswi khumbhaka kunona ka misava. Manyoro yo hambana hambana yanga tirhisiwa kuya hi muxaka wa misava. Ammonium sulphate yikota kuhunguta pH ya misava kasi LAN yikota ku engetelela pH ya misava.
General recommendations: Nhlata wu hanya ngopfu hi nitrogen na potassium leswivulaka leswaku ratio ya N na K yifanele kuva e henhla swinene. Kwalomu ka 1000 kg/ha (100g/m2) ya nkatsakanyo wa manyoro tani hi 2:3:4 (30) yanga tlhela ya hangalasiwa kungase byariwa naswona yafanele ku tirhiwa swinene loko kunga se endliwa foro yo byalela eka wona. Eka misava leyingana sandi, nhlayo yinga kurisiwa kuya fika eka 1200 kg/ha. Ku cheriwa 120-150 kg/ha LAN (12 g per meter of row) or 200 kg/ha (20g/m2) ammonium sulphate kwalomu ka 3 wa mavhiki endzhaku kaloko kubyariwile loko swirina nkoka. Misava leyingana sandi yilava kucheriwa manyoro kambirhi. Yitlhela yicheletiwa kahle endzhaku ko chela manyoro. Muxaka wunwana wa manyoro wunga tirhisiwa ku ngetelela lawa yanga cheriwa. Kambe manyoro yakona yafanele kuva ya vupfile swinene (6 wa tinhweti). Kumbe yakatsiwa na misava kwalomu ka tinhweti kunga se byariwa. 15-20 m3 (4 big hands/m2) yanga haxiwa no katsiwa na misava loko kunga se byariwa nchumu.
Ku Cheleta: Nhlata wutala ku hanya kahle na laha kungana dyandza. Leswivulaka leswaku ximilani lexi xikota ku humesa mihandzu ya kahle hambi loko ku omile laha kunga byariwa kona. Ku kala ka mati swingova na xiave eka mihandzu leyi humaka. Kupfumaleka ka mati eka mavhiki yosungula yobyariwa na nkarhiwova timintsu tikula kahle (30-60 wa masiku endzhaku ko byala) swita endla leswaku ntshovelo wuva wuntsongo. Kuya hintolovelo, mihlata yilava kwalomu ka 450 na 600 mm ya mati yocheleta kusukela loko yaha ku byariwa.
Ku Tshovela: Mihlata yiva yiringanele kutshoveriwa endzhaku ka 4 wa tinhweti (eka tindzhawu letihisaka) kuya eka 5 watinhweti lomu ku kufumelaka kusukela kubyariwile. Misava yifanele kuva leyi olovaka hinkarhi wantshovelo leswaku mihlata yinga tshoveki no vaviseka. Yifanele kucheletiwa kuringana 30 wamasiku loko kungase tshoveriwa tani hindlela yolulamisela ntshovelo. Eka tindzhawu leti hisaka matshindi yafanele kutsemiwa eka 4-7 wamasiku kunga se tshoveriwa.
Ku fanele kutirhisiwa foroko ku fukula mihlata ehansi ka misava se ku hetisisiwa hi voko kutsuvula mihlata. Unga tirhisi xikomu kumbe xipedi ku cela. Tiyisisa leswaku unga celi mihlata hi yoxe. Mihlata yinga tshoveriwa xikanwe hinkarhi wunwe. Loko nguva yo leha yivakona, mihlata yita kula ngopfu. Dzudza misava eka mihlata, uyi hlantswa, uyitshika edyambyini kuringana 1-2 wati awara loko maxelo ya hisa swinene. Eka 32°C mihlata leyinga tshoveriwa yinga hatla yi vuna hikokwalaho ka kuhisa ka dyambu endzhaku ka 30 watiminete. Loko yitshikiwa emasinwini vusiku hinkwabyo laha maxelo yavaka ehansi ka 5°C, mihlata yinga vaviseka swinene. Mihlata yilava kuvekiwa eka ndzhawu leyinga oma no hola (15°C).
Ku Hlayisa: Mihlata yingaha hlayisiwa laha yivaka yahari kahle kuringana 3-6 wa mavhiki endzhaku ka ntshovelo. Unga hlayisi mihlata leyivavisekeke. Swakoteka kuva u tshika mihlata yitshama kwale masinwini kufikela nkarhi lowu munhu alavaka kuyi tshovela. Swikahle kuva u engetelela nguva yotshovela hikuva u siya nkarhi wa mavhiki eka kubyala mihlata laha u siyaka mavhiki yambirhi exikarhi.
Tsundzuka: Unga cheleti eka nkarhi lowu. Eka tindzhawu leti kutitimelaka mihlata yihatla yivaviseka yiri emisaveni. Kasi loko maxelo yaha pfumela, mihlata yita kota kuya emahlweni yikula.
Hlayiselo rinwani ra mihlata roka ringa durhi ikuva yi celeriwa eka goji roka ringa entangi emisaveni. Laha unga tlhelaka u vekela mabyasi yo oma laha henhla. Paka mihlata yiva eka 40-45 cm hiku enta. Se uvekela byasi na misava leswinga oma ehenhla kayona. Pfala hi byasi byo oma lebyi ungata byi endla lwangu. Mihlata leyi yinga tshama kuringana 4 wa tinhweti. Ma endlelo lawa yanga endliwi hi xixika eka tindzhawu letingana timpfula.
Switirhisiwa: Mihlata yinga tirhisiwa hiti ndlela tohambana hambana:
Mihlata yinga dyiwa yinga swekiwangi, yi virisiwile, yi bakiwile, kumbe yiswekiwile
Le makumu ka mihlata na matluka swinga dyiwa tani hi matsavu
Matshindi yakona yanga nyikiwa swiharhi swidya
Mihlata yinga tirhisiwa ku endla xinkwa, swo baka hiswona, machipisi, jamu na juzi
Switsotswana na Mavabyi
Switsotswana
Sweet potato weevilAdult weevils feed on foliage. The larvae tunnel into the storage roots and stems.
Control:
Ku cinca cinca swimilani swihunguta kutala ka switswotswani leswi vange i weevil.
Ku endla ti foro swi hunguta kuhangalaka ka switsotswana eka mihlata.
Hisa swimilani hinkwaswo leswingana mavabyi endzhaku ka ntshovelo.
Tirhisa matshindi lawa yapfumalaka weevils kumbe swivungu swa kona.
Unga byali swimilani swintshwa ekusuhi na swimilani swa mihlata swakhale.
Susa mihlata hinkwayo eka ntshovelo naswona unga tirhisi matshindi ya swimilani leswi nga mila hiswoxe (plants emerging in a field where sweet potato was planted the previous season).
Hunguta ku pandzeka ka misava.
Lulamisa nkarhi wobyala hi wona leswaku mihlata yingavi kona himinkarhi leyi ku omeke.
Tshovela hinkarhi, hikuva kuhlayisa ehansi ka misava swiendla leswaku mihlata yi onheka himinkarhi yo oma.
Sweet potato hawk moth larvae
Leswi i swivungu leswikulu swa buraweni (caterpillars) leswingana rimhandzo rintsongo laha nhlaneni. Swivungu leswi swidya matluka navusiku.
Control:
Kuswi susetela himavoko switala kutirha loko swivungu leswi swinga talangi.
Mavabyi
Fusarium wiltYi vangiwa hi Fusarium oxysporum, lawa mavabyi ya endla leswaku kuva na kulahlekeriwa swinene. Laha yanga kona swivonaka hiloko u tsema tshindi laha ukumaka kuri na muhlovo wotshuka kuya eka buraweni. Matluka ya cinca muhlovo kuya eka xitshopani, yava yantima, yahetelela hiku fa. Swimilani leswinga na mavabyi lawa swihetelela hiku chela na misava mavabyi lawa.
Control:
Byala swimilani leswinga hlaseriweki hi mavabyi lawa.
Tirhisa swimilani leswinga riki na mavabyi loko u byala.
Cinca cinca swimilani.
Hunguta swilo leswinga endlaka leswaku mavabyi ya nghena kufana na nkayivelo wa mati na maxelo yo hisa ngopfu himinkarhi yo byala swimilani.
Mavabyi ya ntsongo
Alternaria Leaf Spot, Soft Rot, Sclerotium Wilt, Scurf and Foot Rot.
Control: swifana naswa Fusarium Wilt.
Ku Hlayisa Mavabyi
Loko mihlata yitshoveriwile yingava na ku bola bola kuntsongo kumbe ku oma swinga humelela.
Control:
Unga tshoveli loko misava yitsakama.
Unga vavisi timintsu/ mihlata loko utshovela. Hlantswa misava.
Unga hlayisi mihlata leyi vavisekeke kumbe leyi kombaka mavabyi.
Tshungula mihlata loko unga se yihlayisa.
Mavabyi Yo Hangalaka
Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) i xitsongwatsongwana lexi tivekaka swinene hiku hlasela mihlata. Xikumeka ngopfu xikatsane na swinwana switsongwatsongwani. Hambi leswi swikoweto swakona switikaka kuswivona ematlukeni, nhlaselo wakona watikomba swinene nale ka mihlata hikuva yipandzekela. Loko mavabyi lawa yarikona swihatla switikomba ematlukeni lawa yak hale lawa ya vaka na swicoticoti. Swimilani leswinga hlaseriwa swinene himavabyi lawa matluka yakona yava yantsongo swinene.
Transmission:
SPFMV yi hatlisa kuhundziseriwa eka swimilani leswinga hava mavabyi hi ti aphids leti kotaka kufambisa mavabyi lawa hinkarhi lowunga e hansi ka minete kuya eka xinwana ximilana.
Control:
Byala swimilani leswi pfumalaka xitsongwatsongwani lexi – kuma swimilani kumbe tshindi lerikumekaka eka vabyari lava tsarisiweke ARC-VOPI.
Hlakulela masimu ya wena ngopfu ngopfu laha kunga tala wild lpomoea.
Tirhisa swimilani leswi vonakaka swi hanye kahle.
Tsuvulela swimilani swa mihlata leswinga timilela hiswoxe, thyaka na nhova leyi nga mila endzhaku kaloko kutava kurimiwile eka nkarhi lowu hundzeke loko unga se byala swintshwa.
Cinca swibyariwa eka malembe ya 2-3.
Basisa leswi utsemaka hiswona hi Jik minkarhi hinkwayo.
Kulawula Swimilani
Ku hlakulela swina nkoka swinene eka nhweti yosungula endzhaku ko byala. Kuhlakula swinga endliwa exikarhi ka swimilani hiku tirhisa voko kutsuvula kumbe hi xikomu. Kambe tiyisisa leswaku awu vavisi swimilani. Kuhlakulela swingehe laveki loko matluka yasungula ku pfala misava. Mihlata yinga tirhisiwa tani hi matsavu kumbe yikatsiwa na sorghum, millet, mavele, cassava, naswinwana.Translated by Ike Ngobeni