Ibhatata emhlophe (lpomoea batatas) ayihlobenanga ne tapile eliqhelekileyo. Ibhatata emhlophe iphantsi kosapho lwe jika nelanga kwaye ikhupha ingcambu ezimnandi. Esi sityalo sidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutyeni okuveliswa kumazwe aku Mazantsi e Afrika, kuquka uMzantsi Afrika. Ibhatata emhlophe kukutya okubalulekileyo enokusetyenziselwa ukulwa unqongophalo oluxhaphakileyo lwe Vitamin A, noluthi luphazamise amajoni omzimba kunye nempilo yamehlo.
Iintlobo ezahlukileyo zebhatata emhlophe zingohlulwa zibe zindidi ezimbini
Ezo zibane xolo elomileyo xa ziphekiwe.
Ezo ziba ne xolo elifumileyo (elithambileyo) xa ziphekiwe.
Amaxolo azo afumaneka ngemibala ehlukeneyo. Uxolo, umzekelo, lungaba mhlophe, tyheli,pinki, orenji, mfusav okanye umbala omdaka buku bomvu. Xazi sanda kukhula umbala uyahlukana ukusuka kumhlophe no tyheli ukuya ku orenji ongacacana ukuya ku orenji ocacileyo.
Ibhatata ezibomvu zizele zizinongo ze beta-carotene kwaye zisetyenziswa kwinkqubo ezijongene nokutya, ukujongana nonqongophala kwe Vitamin A. Ibhatata emhlophe izele yimithombo enika amandla kodwa ikwanika ne Vithamin C ne minerali ezifana ne magneziyam,kopha,ayoni ne zink ukunceda isidlo sabantu. Amagqabi wona azele zi proteni ezongezelweyo, iivitamin kunye nemineral.
Igama: Ibhatata Emhlophe
Sesotho: Potata e tshweuSetswana: Potata e tshweu
English: Sweet potato
isiZulu: Ubhatata omhlope
Xittsonga: Nhlata yotshoka
Sepedi : Potata e tshweu
lsiNdebele: lbhutata elimhlophe
Tshivenda : Murambo mutshena
Swati: Bhatata Lomhlope
Umhlaba: Iibhatata ezimhlophe zikhula kakuhle kwindawo ezine santi, udaka okanye umhlaba oludonwe-daka. Esi sityalo sidinga ukuhluzeka kwamanzi kwaye sinochuku xasi dibene nobambeko lwa manzi,salinity kunye ne alkalinity. Eyona ikhuthazwayo ipH (H20) yi 5.6-6.5.
Umhlaba onamatye okanye oludongwe awuzilunelanga ezitapile, kuba ingakuvumeli ukukhula okulungileyo kwengcambu.
Ubume bezulu: Ibhatata emhlophe sisityalo esikholwa bubushushu, oko kuthetha ukuba iimini neentsuku ezifudumeleyo zibalulekile ukuze esi sityalo sikhule ngoku gqibeleleyo. Ibhatata emhlophe ayidibenanga namaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Ingakumbi iqabaka. Ibhatata emhlophe ingatyalwa kuwo onke amaphondo oMzantsi Afrika ukuba unkcenkceshelo olongeziweyo lukhona. Esi sityalo siyakwazi ukunyamezela kwi mbalela, xa sele iingcambu sele zikhule zagqiba.
Iindidi Zebhatata: Ibhatata ebomvu: lmpilo kunye W-119 (yomile); Beauregard (ifumile) Ibhatata e mfusa (yase makethu): Blesbok, Bosbok (ifumile) Ibhatata etyheli: Ndou, Monate (yomile)
Ukutshintswa Kwesityalo: Ukutshintshwa kwendawo ezityalwe kuyo kubalulekile ukukhusela izifo kunye nokwanda kwezinambuzane. Iibhatata ezimhlophe kufuneka zikhuliswe kubekanye endaweni enye kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu. Nezinye izityalo ezikhulela phantsi komhlaba, ezifana ne mbotyi, khaphetshu kunye no mbona nazo kufuneka zikhuliswe kubekanye emhlabeni ngamnye. Ingakumbi apho ukukhula kwamaxolo okanye amagqabi ibayingxaki.
Ukwandisa: Ukwandisa kwenziwa ngoku sika iziqu zezityalo. Xa sele zifikelele kubude obungam 20-30 cm kufuneka zisikwe. Amagqabi anokususwa phambi kokutyalwa, kodwa akunyanzelekanga. Ukusikwa kwesi sityalo apha ngaphezulu kubaluleke ukogqitha ukusikwa kwezinye indawo zesisityalo. Maxa wambi ukusikwa kuqalwa ukusuka ezingcanjini. Tyala lamagaqa akwazingcambu ugqume ngomhlaba. Ze kuthi xa kuntshule amagqabi angama 25-30 cm ubude, waqhawule uphinde uwasebenzise ekutyaleni kwakhona.
Sika ezingama 25-30 ezisaphilileyo, ezingenazinambuzane nazifo nge mela ebukhali. Zityale kumhlaba olungisiweyo ngokuthi ugqume isiqingatha sobude ngomhlaba omanzi. Bhambatha kakuhle umhlaba osecaleni ukuze udibane nesiqu sesityalo, oku kuncedisa ekukhuliseni iingcambu ngokukhawuleza. Nkcenkceshela izityalo kanye emvaa kokuzityala. Zisike rhoqo izintshuli kwisityalo esisempilweni. Sukusebenzisa iziqu ze bhatata emhlophe ezizikhuleleyo, kuba oku kusenokubangela uthutho lwezinambuzane nezifo.
Ukulungiswa Komhlaba: Vunguza umhlaba ngokuthi usebenzise igaba okanye ifolokhwe, okanye umhlakulo. Wuvunguze umhlaba ube bubunzulu obungama 250-300mm ukwenzela umoyo ujkeleze kakuhle, ingcambu izinze kunye namanzi atshone kakuhle. Susa amatye uqhekeze nezigaqa zomhlaba ukuqinisekisa ukuba ingcambu ihlala kakuhle. Zonke izigaqa zomhlaba kufuneka ziqhumzwe ngokuthi usebenzise iharika okanye isilungisi somhlaba esiphathwa ngesandla. Enza oku de umhlaba uthambe wonke.
Umgquba owenziwe ngezityalo ungafakwa uxutywa nomhlaba kangangesithuba senyanga eziyi 3-4 phambi kokutyala.
Indlela Yokutyala: 1. Ukuphakamisa : Ezi zityalo zikhuliswa kumhlaba ocukeneyo waphakama okanye kwiziduli. Lomhlaba ucukaniselwa phezulu uluncedo kwindawo ezidama amanzi kwaye wenza kubelula ukuvuna. Izityalo ke ziqelelaniswa kangangomgama oyi 30cm phezu kwesi siduli. Imingxuma elingeneyo iyagrunjwa, ze ezi ziqu zifakwe kulemingxunya. Zigqunyelelwa ngomhlaba, ubhambathwe ukuze uthi nca umhlaba lo kwisiqu sesityalo. Izityalo zityalwa ngobude zina magaqa ama 3-4 phantsi komhlaba.
2. Umhlaba othe tyaba: Abanye abalimi bakhulisa ibhatata kwimihlaba ethe tyaba kumhlaba onesanti, kwaye babaneziphumo eziyimpumelelo.
Izikhewu: Ibhatata emhlophe ibonwa njengesityalo sentsimi kunesityalo esitywalwa egadini yekhaya. Oku kungokuba iyanwenwa kwaye ithatha umhlaba omkhulu. Kwi gadi esekhaya (apho umhlaba umqongopheleyo) umqolo omnye okanye emibini inganela. Faka isiqu esisikiweyo, uziqelelanise umgama ongama 25-35cm okanye ngokobude bomhlakule. Iziduli okanye lemihlaba icukanisiweyo esetyenziswayo iqelelana kangange 1m. Kodwa isenokuqelelana kangangama 90-150 cm xa ityalwa entsimini okanye engama 80-90 cm xa ityalwa egadini yekhaya, kwaye iqikilelwa kumyine wama 30-40 cm ubude.
Ixesha Lokutyala: Iingingqi ezineqabanga encinci ukuya kwephakathana: Ekuqaleni kweyo Novemba ukuya ekuqaleni kweyoMnga. Iingingqi ezineqabaka emandla: Phakathi kweye Novemba ukuya ekuqaleni kweyoMnga. Iingingqi ezingenaqabaka: Agasti ukuya Matshi. Kwingingqi ezipholileyo Septemba ukuya ku Februwari. Kwingingqi ezinemvula zobusika phakathi ku Novemba ukuya ekuqaleni kweyoMnga, Kukhuthazwa kakhulu u Novemba.
Izichumiso: I sampuli zomhlaba funeka zithathwe kwinyanga ezimbalwa phambi kokuba kuqaliswe ukutyalwa ukuze kulungiswe ingxaki zokuchuma komhlaba. Izichumiso ezahlukeneyo ezinokuthi zisetyenzise zixhomekeke kudidi lomhlaba. IAmmonium sulphate ivamise ukunciphisa I pH yomhlamba logama ILAN yona ikhulisa is pH yomhlaba.
Iingcebiso ngako konke: Ibhatata emhlophe itya kakhulu isingxenga moya (nitrogen) ne potaziyam (potassium) ngoko ke isabelo se N nese K kufuneka sigcinwe siphezulu. Uqikelelwa kumyinge wama 100kg/ha wesichumiso onokudidiyelwa ngqo emhlabeni phambi kokutyalwa. Kwaye kufuneka uxubeke emhlabeni phambi kokwakha iziduli. Kwimihlaba ene santi lomlinaniselo unganyuselwa kuma 1200kg/ha. Galela ngaphezulu ama 120-150 kg/ha we LAN (12g kwi mitha nganye yomqolo) okanye 200kg/ha (20g/m2) ye ammonium sulphate kwiveki ezi 3 phambi kokutyala uphinde emva kweveki ezi 6 emva kokutyala ukuba sikhona isidingo.
Umhlaba oyisanti uzakudinga kugalelwe kabini wona. Nkcenkceshelisisa emva kokufaka isichumiso. Umgquba usenokusetyenziswa ukuncedsana nesichumiso. Kodwa ke, umgquba funeka uvundisiswe (6 iinyanga). Okanye uqale uxutywe nomhlaba phambi kokutyala. I 15-20 m3 (Izandla ezi 4 ezikhulu/m2) zingagalelwa zixutywe nomhlaba phambi kokutyala.
Ukunkcenkceshela: Ibhatata emhlophe iyakwazi ukunyamezela imbalela. Oku kuthetha ukuba esi sityalo siyakwazi ukukhula sivelise phantsi kwemo zezulu ezomileyo. Kodwa ukunqongophala kwamanzi kuyasinciphisa inani lemveliso. Ukunqatyelwa ngamanzi kwiveki zokuqala emva kokutyalwa nangethuba kusantshula iingcambu (30-60 yeentsuku emva kokutyalwa), kungabangela uncipho kwinani lemveliso. Njengesiqulathiso, ibhatata emhlophe idinga isibalo esiphakathi kwama 450 kunye ne 600 mm samanzi esiwafumana ngethuba ikhula.
Ukuvuna: Iingcambu/iibhatata zikulungela ukuvunwa kwinyanga ezi 4 (kwingingqi ezifudumeleyo) ukuya kwinyanga ezi 5 (kwingingqi eziphakathi) emva kokutyalwa. Umhlaba kufuneka uthambe ngethuba lokuvuna ukunqanda ukuqhekeka nokonakala kwamaxolo. Misa unkcenkceshelo kangangentsuku ezingama 30 phambi kokuvuna ukuze umhlaba ulungele ukuvunwa. Kwiiningqi ezomileyo sika iintabo kwintsuku ezi4-7 phambi kokuvuna ukuluniselela ukuvuna. Sebenzisa ifolokhwe yesandla ukuphakamisa ingcambu/ibhatata ube sele uyithatha ngesandla. Ungasebenzisi igaba okanye umhlakulo. Qiniseka ukuba awuzilimazi ezingcambu/ibhatata ngethuba uvuna. Iingcambu/ibhatata zingavunwa ngaxeshanye okanye kangangomlinganisela odingekayo ngalomzumzu. Ukuba ziyekwe ithuba elide phantsi komhlaba, ziyakhula zibenkulu kakhulu.
Vuthulula umhlaba kwi bhatata emhlophe, uzihlambe wakugqiba uzibeke elangeni zome kangange yure e 1-2 xa amaqondo obushushu ephakamile. Xa iqondo lobushushu lingama 32°C, ibhatata esele zivuniwe zinga gqatswa lilanga kwimizuzwana nje engama 30. Ukuba zishiywe entsimini ubusuku bonke kumaqondo angaphantsi kwe5°C, zisenokonakaliswa yingqele. Zigcine endaweni epholileyo, eyomileyo (15°C).
Ukugcinwa: Ibhatata ezimhlophe zingagcinwa zilungile kangange veki ezi 3-6 emva kokuvunwa. Sukuzigcina xa sele zibolile okanye zonakele. Usenokuziyeka phantsi komhlaba de kufikelele ixesha ozidinga ngalo. Kungcono ukubhekelisa ixesha lokuvunwa ngokuthi utsibe iveki eziyi 2 phambi kokuba utyale omnye umqolo ngethuba uqala utyala.
Khumbula: Sukunkcenkceshela ngelithuba. Kwiingingqi ezinamaqondo obushushu aphantsi iingqele iyazonakalisa kanye ngoku sele ziphantsi komhlaba. Ukuba amaqondo obushushu aphakathi, iibhatata ezimhlophe zizakukhula zibenkulu kakhulu. Zingagcinwa ngendlela engabizi mali ngokuthi zigrunjelwe umngxuma ongekho nzulu emhlabeni. Beka ingca eyomileyo kulomgxuma. Pakisha iibhatata eziphilileyo uzandlale kangange 40-50 cm ubunzulu. Gquma ngengca okanye ngomhlaba owomileyo. Zivalele endlwini enophahla lwengca. Ibhatata emhlophe ingahlala kangenyanga ezi 4. Sukulisebenzisa elicebo nethuba lemvula zobusika.
Imisebenzi: Ibhatata emhlophe ingasetyenziswa ngendlela ezahlukileyo
Iingcambu/ibhatata ingatywa ihlaza, ibilisiwe, ibhakiwe okanye iphekiwe
Incam ezintshulileyo (izikhondo zamagqabi) kunye namagqabi aselula asenokutyiwa okwemifuno okanye isishebo
Intsalela zesityalo singasetyenziswa ukutyisa imfuyo.
Iingcambu/ibhatata zingasetyenziswa ukwenza isonka, imveliso zokubhaka, itships, jem ne jusi.
Izonakalisi Kunye Nezifo
Izonakalisi
we bhatata emhlopheImibungu ezindala zitya amagqabi. Le mibugu igrumba itonela kwiingcambu/bhatata nakwi ziqu zayo
Ukuyithintela:
Ukutshintsha indawo otyala kuyo kunganciphisa ukwanda kwalo mbungu
Ukucukanisa umhlaba ubeziziduli kunciphisa ukwana kwemibungu.
Tshisa zonke izityalo ezichatshazelwe yimibungu emva kokuvuna.
Sebenzisa izityalo ezisikiweyo ezingena weevils okanye imibungu.
Musa ukutyala izityalo kufuphi nendawo ebekukhe kwatyalwa kuyo ibhatata emhlophe
Susa zonke iingcambu/iibhatata kulendawo ubuzivunela kuyo kwaye ungaze usebenzise izityalo ezingama volontiya/ezizikhuleleyo (Izityalo ezikhula kwintsimi ye bhatata emhlophe ebityalwe kwi xesha lokutyala eligqithileyo.
Nciphisa ukuqhekeka komhlaba.
Hlengisa ixesha lokutyala ukuze iingcambu/ibhatata ingabikho ngexesha lokoma.
Vuna kwangethuba, kuba ukuzigcina phantsi komhlaba kuba oku kubangela ukonakala kwesityalo.
Inyiki eliyimphethu le bhatata emhlophe
Likhulu liluhlaza ukuya kumthubi (umbungu) linephondo elincinci emazantsi womqolo. Litya amagqabi ebusuku
Ukuyithintela:
Ukuyichola-chola ngesandla lemibungu kwanele ingakumbi ukuba azininzanga.
Izifo Zentsimi
Fusarium wiltIbangwa yi Fusarium oxysporum, esi sifo singabangela umonakalo omkhulu wesityalo. Xa usika isiqu sisityalo esisulelekileyo, kubanakala umbala omdakana obomvu-mdaka. Amagqabi ajika abe tyheli, abemnyama akugqiba afe. Izityalo ezosulelekileyo zosulela nomhlaba.
Ukuzithintela:
Amachiza ohlukileyo angasibulaliyo isityalo.
Sebenzisa izixhobo zokutyala ezinena zifo
Jikelezisa ukutyala imbewu engena zifo
Nciphisa kangako kwanto inokubangela uhlukumezeko, efana nokunqongophala kwa manzi namaqondo aphezulu obushushu ngethuba zisakhula.
Izifo ezingatshongo khona
Alternaria Amabala egqabi, Ukubola okuthambisayo, Sclerotium Wilt, Scurf and Foot Rot.
Ukuzithintela: Kuyafana nakwi Fusarium Wilt.
Izifo ezibangelwa kukugcinwa
Ngethuba ziselugcinweni, ukubola ngaphakathi, ukubola kwamaxolo nokubola kokoma kusenokwenzeka.
Ukuzithintela:
Musa ukuvuna xa umhlaba umanzi.
Musa ukonakalisa
Musa ukugcina ibhatata ezimhlophe ezonakeleyo kunye nezo ezibonisa impawu zesifo.
Nyanga ibhatata emhlophe phambi kokuba uzibeke elugcinweni.
Izifo Ezosulelayo
iSweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) yeyona ngculaza exhaphakileyo eyosulela iibhatata ezimhlophe. Maxa wambi ifumaneka ixubene nexinye iingculaza. Nangona iimpawu zayo zingafane zibonakale emagqabini, isivuno siyehla ngelona hlobo kwaye iingcambu/ibhatata ziyachachamba. Xa ikhona, iimpawu zivamise ukubonakala kumagqabi amadala, abenamabala amancinci kunye nezinye iphatheni ezinemithambo emincinci. Izityalo ezosuleleke kakhulu zibancinci kwaye namaqgabi azo mancinane.
Ukosulela:
iSPFMV yosulela/igqithiseleka luhlobo lwe aphids nezithi zifumane lengculaza kwisityalo esisulelekileyo ngaphantshi nje komzuzu omnye zize zosulele isityalo esiphilileyo ngoko nangoko.
Ukuzithintilela:
Tyala ngezixhobo ezingena ngculaza- Fumana izityalo kubavelisi ababhalisiweyo okanye e ARC-VOPI
Ncothula lonke ukhula oluphakathi nasemacaleni kwentsimi, ingakumbi uhlobo oluyi Ipomea
Sebenzisa izityalo ezikhangeleka zisempilwen, nezimbala ugqamileyo.
Susa zonke izityalo ezizikhuleleyo/ amavolontiya, imvuthuluka kunye nokhula obelukho kwisvuno esigqithileyo, phambi kokutyala isityalo esitsha.
Tshintsha izixhobo zokutyala rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi 2-3
Coca zonke izixhobo zokutyala ngomxube ojiyileyo we Jik.
Ukuphatha Isityalo
Ukuncothula ukhula kubaluleke kakhulu kwinyanga yokuqala emva kokutyala. Oku kungenziwa phakathi kwezityalo ngokusenbenzisa igaba okanye luncothulwe ngesandla. Ulumkele ukonakalisa isityalo. Ukuncothula ukhula akuzudingela xasele amagqabi esityalo ewugqumile umhlaba. Iibhatata ezimhlophe zingatyalwa zodwa okanye zixutywe nemithombo, umbona njalo njalo.Translated by Zizipho Silwana