Ibhutata (lpomoea batatas) alihlobani nezambana elijayelekileko. Ibhutata lingelomndeni walawo abizwa ngama-morning glory begodu likhiqiza imirabhu ebulungekako nedliwako. Isitjalwesi sidlala indima eqakathekileko emikhiqizweni yokudla eenarheni zeSewula ye-Afrika, ekufaka hlangana inarha yeSewula Afrika. Ibhutata sitjalo esiqakathekileko nesikghona ukususa indlala, begodu singasetjenziselwa nokuqeda ukusabalala ngobubanzi kokutlhogeka kwezakhamzimba ama-Vitamin A ezifaka hlangana amasotja womzimba avikela amalwelwe kanye namehlo aphilileko.
Imihlobo yamabhutata emilako ingahlukaniseka ngemihlobo emibili emikhulu:
Kunalawo aba nelingaphakathi elomileko nakaphekiweko
Kunalawo athambathambako abenamanzana nakaphekiweko
Imirabhawo ebulungekako ingatholakala inemibala ehlukahlukeneko. Amakelo walo angaba mhlophe, sarulana, abebukhobe, abenombala welamuna, phephula nofana obomvu okuqarheke ngozotho. Ilingaphakathi lona lihluka ukusuka embaleni omhlophe nosarulana ukuya embaleni welamuna okukhanyako nofona okumnyama. Lawo amila anombala welamuna anothile nge-beta-carotene begodu anjalo nje asetjenziswa khulu emahlelweni wokudla ekuhloswe ngawo ukurarulula umraro wokutlhogeka kwesakhamzimba se-Vitamin A. Amabhutata amthombo onothileko wamandla kodwana abuye angezelele esakhamzimbeni se-Vitamin C kanye namaminerali (minerals) afana ne-magnesium, copper, iron kanye ne-zinc edayethini yabantu. Amakari nawo anesakhamzimba esimaphrotheyini, ama-vitamins kanye namamineri.
Igama lawo Lekhayapha: Ibhutata Elimhlophe
Sesotho: Potata e tshweuSetswana: Potata e tshweu
isiXhosa: lbhatata emhlophe
isiZulu: Ubhatata omhlope
Xittsonga: Nhlata yotshoka
Sepedi: Potata e tshweu
lsiNdebele: lbhutata elimhlophe
Tshivenda: Murambo mutshena
Swati: Bhatata Lomhlope
Ihlabathi: Amabhutata akhula kamnandi ehlabathini eyisanda, enobubumba nofana avangeko. Isitjalwesi sidinga amanzi asezingeni elihle begodu asizwani namanzi amanengi, amanzi wenambitho letswayi kanye nane-asede. Izinga eliphezulu le-pH (H20) libalelwa ku-5.6 - 6.5. ihlalathi enamatje nelibumba ayikawalungeli, ngombana ayiwavumeli bonyana anabe kuhle ukuze abemirabhu yezinga emihle.
Italayimethi: Amabhutata kusitjalo sesikhathi esifuthumeleko sonyaka, lokho kuhlathulula bonyana amalangana nobusuku obufuthumeleko buqakatheke khulu ekukhuleni nokunaba kwawo okuhle. Nokho amabhutata akazwani neendawo zamazinga wokutjhisa aphasi, khulukhulu lapho konombethe.
Imihlobawo Yeentjalo: Anombala welamuna nofana a-orentji ngaphakathi: lmpilo and W-119 (dry); Beauregard (moist) Wamakelo aphephula [Purple skin] (fresh market): Blesbok, Bosbok (moist) Cream skin: Ndou, Monate (dry)
Ukudlheganisa Iintjalo: Isenzwesi siqakathekile ukwenzela ukuvimbela amalwelwe kanye neentjhabalaliso ezakhelako. Amabhutata akukafaneli bonyana atjalwe ehlabathini eyodwa amahlandla adlula kelilodwa qobe minyaka emithathu. Iintjalo ezikwazi ukubuyisela ihlabathi esigeni ezifana namantongomani, ikhabitjhi, iimbhontjisi, kanye nesiphila kufuze kube ngizo ezidlhegana nokutjalwa kwamabhutata, khulukhulu umhlaba uqine khona.
Ukunabisa/Ukwandisa: Lokhu kwenzeka ngokuthi kuquntwe iingojwana nofana iziqu zawo. Iinqunjwana zeziqu ezingaba masenthimitha amasumi amabili ukuya kezimasumi amathathu ngobude kufuze zithathwe ziyokuquntwa. Nokho amakari angahlukaniswa ekuquntweni kweziqu ngaphambi kokutjala, kodwana akudingeki nokho. Ukuquntwa kwencenyeni ephezulu kuqine ukudlula kweencenye ezinye zesivini. Kesinye isikhathi ukuquntwa kulungiselelwa ukusuka emirabhini yamabhutata: Tjala amabhutata la ngokudibizesa ngehlabathi kwaphela.
Nakanabako nofana atlhurhako avame ukuba made ngamasenthimitha amasumi amabili nahlanu ukuya kamasumi amathathu, aphadlhe nofana uwaphungule bese uwasebenzisela ukutjala.
Ziqunte zibe ma-20-30cm ngendlela ephilileko, kezinganazo iinunwana kanye namalwelwe ngokusebenzisa isikero sakhona esihlanzekileko nofana umukhwa obukhali. Ukusuka lapho zitjale endaweni esele uwalungiselele yona ngokudibizesa isiquntu sobude bencenye yehlabathi emanzi. Dzidlhela ihlabathi ondungulele ngayo ngokuqinisa isandla ukwenzela bonyana ihlabathi ilumathe kamnandi nesiqu sawo, lokho kuzakwenza bonyana imirabhu ikhule masinyana. Thelelela isitjalweso khonokho nawuqeda ukusitjala. Qinisekisa bonyana uhlala uhlwengisa nakumila okhunye okungathikameza isitjalo esiphilakwesi. Ungasebenzisi umvini wamabhutata oziveleleko ngombana kungenzeka bonyana uthwele iintjhabalaliso kanye namalwelwe.
Ukulungiselelwa Kwehlabathi: Yenza ihlabathi bonyana ibelula nofana ithambe ngokulima nofana usebenzise iforogo yokupeta, ilembe lezandla nofana irharafu. Yenza ihlabathi ibelula ngokutjhingela okungaba mamilimitha ama-250-300 mm, ukwenzela ukoma lula kwemirabhu, ukungenelela kwemirabhu kanye nokumunya amanzi lula. Susa amatje begodu uphadlhe lapho kuqinekhona ukuqinisekise bonyana imirabhu ingenelela kuhle. Woke amagade kufuze aphandlhwe ngeyariga nofana iforogwana yezandla ukufikela lapho sele kupatalele kuhle khona. Rhatjha iintjalo (ngomanyoro ohlaza satjani) ingatjalwa begodu isetjenziselwe ehlabathini iinyanga ezintathu ukuya kezine ngaphambi kokumila kweentjalo.
Indlela Yokutjala: 1. Ukutjala ngokuhleleka kwamareyi: iintjalo zitjalwa ngokuhleleka nofana ngesadla. Ukuhlelekokhu kusiza khulu eendaweni ezineenkhukhula kanye nokungasavunwa khona. Eziquntiweko zibekwa ngokuhlukana ngesikhala esingaba masenthimitha amasumi amathathu emareyini ngokuthi incenye yesiphetho sazo itjaleke ehlabathini. Kwenjiwa imigodi yobukhulu besilinganiso esifaneleko, imivino ifakwa ngemigodini kuthi ihlathi iyadzidlhelwa magega nesitjalo. Eziquntiwekwezi zitjalwa zijanyiswe ngamakari nofana amatlhurhelo amathathu ukuya kamane ngaphasi kwehlabathi.
2. Ibala elindlalekileko: Abalimi abanye batjala amabhutata endaweni endlalekileko nofana epataleleko yehlabathi eyisanda, bebavane imiphumela emihle tle.
Isikhala: Amabhutata angathathwa njengeentjalo zemasimini kunemirorho yesivande nofana etonini. Lokhu kubangelwa kukuthi ayanaba begodu athatha indawo ekulu. Eentotini zekhaya (lapho kunendawana encani kwaphela) ireyi linye nofana mabili anenele. Beka iziqu zawo ngokuhlukana okumasenthimitha amasumi amabili nahlanu ukuya kamasumi amathathu nahlanu (nofana ngokusebenzisa ubude berharafu) ereyini linye. Kujayeleke bonyana kusetjenziswe amareyi ahlukene ngemitha yinye. Kodwana kesinye isikhathi kungaba masenthimitha amasumi alithoba ukuya kalikhulu namasumi amahlanu wokuhlukana emasimini nofana amasenthimitha amasumi abunane ukuya kamasumi alithoba eentonini zekhaya, kanye namasenthimitha amasumi amathathu ukuya emasumini amane wokuphakama.
Isikhathi Sokutjala: Eendaweni ezinombethe ongasimnengi khulu: kutjalwa ekuthomeni kwenyanga kaSinyikhaba ukuya phakathi kwakaNobayeni. Eendaweni ezinombethe omnengi: kuthonywa phakathi kwenyanga kaSinyikhaba ukuyela ekuthomeni kwakaNobayeni. Eendaweni ezinganambethe: kutjalwa ngenyanga kaRhoboyi ukuyela kuNtaka. Eendaweni ezipholileko kutjalwa ngenyanga kaKhukhulamungu ukuyela kuMhlolanja. Eendaweni ezinezulu ebusika: kuthonywa phakathi kwenyanga kaSinyikhaba ukuyela ekuthomeni kwakaNobayeni; nokho okunengi kungenyanga kaSinyikhaba.
Ukuzalanisa/Ukunothisa: Isampula yehlabathi kufuze ithathwe eenyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokutjala, ukwenzela ukulungisa imiraro yokunotha kwehlabathi. Kungasetjenziswa imihlobo ehlukahlukeneko yokunothisa ihlabathi, nokho lokho kuya nangomhlobo wehlabathi. I- Ammonium sulphate inokunciphisa i-pH yehlabathi kuthi i-LAN ikhuphule i-pH yehlabathi.
Iimphakamiso ezivamileko: amabhutata adla khulu i-nitrogen kanye ne-potassium nje-ke i-ratio ka-N kanye no-K kufuze ihlale iphezulu. Kungaba yi-1000 kg/ha (100g/m2) yomvango wesinothiso njengokuthi 2:3:4 (30) bese ingarhatjhwa buncopha ngaphambi kokutjala begodu kufuze isetjenzelwe ehlabathini ngaphambi kokwenza amareyi. Ehlabathini eyisanda inani lingakhutjhulelwa ema-2000 kg/ha.
Sebenzisa ukumbesa okuphezulu okuma-120-150 kg/ha LAN (12g per meter of row) nofana 200kg/ha (20g/m2) ammonium sulphate eemvekeni entathu ngemva kokutjala kanye neemvekeni ezisithandathu ngemva kokutjala nokudingekako. Ehlabathini eyisanda kufuneka ukukwenziwa i-top dressing amahlandla amabili okungasenani. Thelelela kuhle ngemva kokusebenzisa isinothiso. Kungasetjenziswa umsuqwa ukusekela incenye yamakhemikhali wesinothiso. Nanyana kunjalo, umsuqwa kufuneka bonyana kube sele unesikhathi ukhona (mhlambe ubemdala ngeenyanga ezisithandathu). Nakungasinjalo awusetjenzelwe ehlabathini isikhatjhana ngaphambi kokutjala. 15-20 m3 (4big hands/m2) ungarhatjhwa begodu ungahlanganiswa ngaphambi kokutjala.
Ukuthelelela: Amabhutata akghona ukubekezelela ukoma okungasikunengi. Kutjho bonyana isitjalwesi sisazokuragela phambili sikhiqize ngaphasi kobujamo obome okungasi kumbi khulu. Kodwana ukutlhayela kwamanzi kwehlisa izinga lomkhiqizo. Ukutlhayela kwamanzi eemvekeni zokuthoma ngemva kokutjala kanye nangesikhathi loka imirabhu ebulungekako yakheka (ekumalanga amasumi amathathu ukuya kamasumi asithandathu ngemva kokutjala) kuzokubangela ukwehla kwemikhiqizo. Indlela evamileko ngeyokuthi; amabhutata adinga amanzi angaba ma-450-600mm athelelelwa kuhle ngesikhathi sokukhula kwawo.
Ukuvuna: Imirabho ebulungekako yamabhutata ivamise ukulungela ukuvunwa ngemva kweenyanga ezine (eendaweni ezifuthumeleko) ukuya kezihlanu (zobujamo obuphakathi) ngemva kokutjalwa. Ihlabathi kufuze ibelula ngesikhathi sokuvuna, ukubalekela ukona nokuhlephuka kwamakelo. Gcina ukuthelela emalangeni amasumi amathathu ngaphambi kukovuna njenge ndlela yokulapha isimu nofana ibala. Eendaweni ezifuthumeleko qunta amakari nofana imvino emalangeni amane ukuya kalikhomba ngaphambi kokuvuna.
Sebenzisa iforogo yezandla ukwemba nokuguga amabhutata amirabhu bese uyawakhipha esandleni. Ungasebenzisi ilembe nofana irharafu. Qinisekisa ngazo zoke iindlela bonyana awulimazi amabhutata avela amirabhu ebulungekako nawuvunako. Imirabhu ebulungekako le ingavunwa kanye nofana kanengi ngendlela ekudingeka ngayo. Nangabe aliswa isikhathi eside khulu, imirabhu izoba mikhulu khulu.
Susa ihlabathi emabhutateni, ahlanze bese uwalisa elangeni bonyana ome isikhathi esingaba li-awara linye ukuya kamabili lokha amazinga wokutjhisa aphakame ngokulingeneko. Nakuvunwe ngamazinga wokutjhisa ama-32°C imirabhu ebulungekako ingatjhwabiswa lilanga ngemizuzu emasumi amathathu kwaphela. Nangabe atjhiywa ubusuku boke emasimi ngamazinga wokutjhisa angaphasi kwaka-5°C, angavuka anamanceba amambi. Nje-ke abulunge endaweni epholileko, neyomileko (15°C).
Ukubulunga: Amabhutata angabulungelwa asesematjha iimveke ezintathu ukuya kezisithandathu ngemva kokuvunwa. Ungabulungi imirabhu eyonakeleko. Amabhutata angaliswa ehlabathini ukufikela ngesikhathi owadinga ngaso. Kuncono ukulula isikhathi sokuvuna ngokuthi utjale ngesikhathi esitjhiyana ngeemveke embili ngesikhathi sokutjala. Khumbula: Ungawatheleleli kileso sigaba. Eendaweni ezimakhaza amazinga wokutjhisa aphasi azokona imirabhu ebulungekako nayisehlabathini. Begodu nangabe amazinga wokutjhisa asesemahle, amabhutata angakhula khulu ukuya phambili. Lapho amazinga aphasi khona kungabulungelwa emigodini engatjhingi ukuyaphi ehlabathini. Ndlala utjani obomileko ngemgodini. Paka amabhutata angakalimali etjanini ebutjhingela ngamasenthimitha amasumi amane ukuya kamasumi amahlanu. Ambese ngotjani nehlabathi eyomileko. Vala ngokwakha ngotjani phezulu. Amabhutata lawo angahlala iinyanga ezingaba zine. Nokho ungasebenzisi indlela le eendaweni ezinezulu ebusika.
Umsebenzawo: Amabhutata angasetjenziswa ngeendlela ezihlukahlukeneko:
Imirabhu le ingadliwa ingakaphekwa, ibilisiwe, ibhagiwe nofana iphekiwe.
Iincenye zamtlhurhelwawo (petioles) namakari amancani zingadliwa njengemirorho
Iinsalela zesitjalwesi zingasetjenziswa njengokudla kwefuyo
Imirabhule ingasetjenziselwa ukwenza uburotho, iinthako zokubhaga, amatjhipsi, ijemu kanye nejuzi.
Iintjhabalalisi Namalwelwe
Iintjhabalalisi
Iinunwana ezincani ezidla iintjalo (Sweet potato weevil)Umhlobo weenunwanezi omdala udla iintjalo nemirorho. Ubhora umgodi ungene ngaphakathi kwemirabhule kanye nesiqu sawo.
Ukuvikela/ukulawula:
Ukudlheganisa iintjalo kungasiza ukuphungula isibalo nenani leenunwanezi.
Ukuhlelela imirabhu le amareyi kunciphisa ukoniwa nokwakhela kwazo.
Tjhisa zoke iintjalo esele zonakele nofana zoniwe ngemva kokuvuna.
Sebenzisa iinquntu nofana iintokana ezinganazo iinunwanezi.
Ungatjali ezitjha eduze nesitjalo samabhutata wangaphambilini.
Susa yoke imirabhu ekuvuneni begodu ungasebenzisi lezo ezizimileleko (iintjalo ezithumbuke esimi lapho bekutjalwe khona amabhutata esikhathini esidlulileko)
Nciphisa ukuphadlhuka kwehlabathi.
Hlalisa kuhle isikhathi sokutjala ukwenzela bonyana imirabhu le ingabanjwa sisomiso.
Vuna ngesikhathi, njengombana ukubulungela ehlabathini ngesikhathi sesomiso kubangela ukulimala kwalokho okuvuniweko.
Amaviyaviyana kanye nesibungu samabhutata (Sweet potato hawk moth larvae)
Isibungu esikhulu sombala ohlaza satjani ukuyela kozotho, sinephonjwana ngemhlana. Ziphila ngokudla amakari la entambama
Ukusivikela/ ukusilawula:
Ukuzidobha ngasinye ngokusebenzisa izandla kusiza khulu nangabe azisizinengi.
Amalwelwe Wemasimini
Fusarium wiltBubangelwa yi-Fusarium oxysporum, ubulwelobu bungabanga ukuloba okukhulu emikhiqizweni. Lokha uquntula isiqu sesitjalo esitshwayelekileko, kuvame ukubonaka amabala abomvana okuvangeke ngombala ozotho yama-vascular tissues. Amakari atjhuguluka abe sarulana, abenzinyana bese ayafa. Iintjalo ezitshwayelekileko zitshwayela nehlabathi.
Ukubuvikela/ ukubulawula:
Tjala imihlobohlobo ebekezelako nezilwelako.
Sebenzisa iinsetjenziswa zokutjala ezinganamalwelwe.
Dlheganisa iintjalo nalezo ezinganabo.
Phungula ngazo zoke iindlela isigandeleli esimayelana nokutlhayela kwamanzi kanye namazinga wokutjhisa aphezulu ngesikhathi sokumila.
Amalwelwe amancani
Alternaria Leaf Spot, Soft Rot, Sclerotium Wilt, Scurf and Foot Rot.
Ukuwalawula: nge-Fusarium Wilt.
Amalwelwe Webulungweni
Ngesikhathi abulungiwe, ukubola okuthambileko, ukubola ngaphandle kanye nokubola okomileko kuvame ukwenzeka.
Ukulawula:
Ungavuni lokha ihlabathi imanzi.
Ungalimazi imirabhu ngesikhathi sokuvuna. Hlanza ihlabathi bewulaphe imirabhu.
Ungabulungi amabhutata alimeleko nalawo akhombisa amatshwayo wobulwelwe.
Lapha amabhutata ngaphambi kowabulunga.
Amalwelwe Aligcikwana
Sweet potato feathery mottle virus
Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) ligcikwana nofana umvunya ojayeleke khulu otshwayeleka emabhutateni. Litholakala lapho kuvangene khona amalwele namanya amagcikwana. Nanyana amatshwayo angakavami ukubonakala emakarinawo, umkhiqizo wehla ngendlela embi begodu imirabhu ivame ukuphandlhuka. Nasele likhona, amatshwayo abonakala ngokujayelekileko emakarini amadala avamise ukukhombisa amacatjhazana abizwa i-chlorotic spots kanye nemida esusa ukuhleleka kwawo. Iintjalo ezitshwayeleke khulu ziyarhunyela azikhuli begodu namakarazo abamancani.
Ukudluliselana: I-SPFMV idluliseka ngemihlobo yama-aphids weentjalo ezivamise ukuthola igcikwaneli eentjalweni esele zitshwayelekileko ngesikhathi esingaphasi komzuzu munye begodu lidluliseleka msinya khulu esitjalweni esiphile saka.
Ukulilawula:
Tjala ngeensetjenziswa zokutjala ezinganalo igcikwaneli – thola iintjalo zakho eendaweni ezitlolisiweko zokukhulisa imvino nofana ukusuka ku-ARC-VOPI.
Lawula iintjalo zomango ngaphandle nangaphakathi kwesimu, khulukhulu umhlobo womango obizwa nge-lpomoea
Sebenzisa iintjalo eziphilileko nezinamandla.
Susa lezo amabhutata azimilelako, ama-debris nalezo zomango ukusuka eentjalweni zangaphambilini.
Tjhugulula iinsetjenziswa zokutjala qobe minyaka emibili ukuya kemithathu.
Hlanza zoke iinsetjenziswa ngesombululo esinamandla i-Jik.
Ukulawulwa Kwesitjalo
Ukususwa kweemilo zemvelo kuqakatheke khulu ngenyanga yokuthoma ngemva kokutjala. Umsebenzi lo ungenziwa hlangana neentjalo ngokusebenzisa ilembe nofana ngokuruthula ngezandla. Nokho kufuze uyelele khulu ukuze ungalimazi iimvino. Ukuruthulokhu angekhe kusadingeka nasele amakari weentjalo andlaleke phasi ehlabathini. Amabhutata angakhuliswa njengeentjalo ezitantelako nofana avangwe namabele, isiphila, ama-millets ama-cassava, njalonjalo.Translated by Johannes Nkosinathi