Iintanga ezipakanyele emaduze ezibizwa bona yi-(arils) zihlukaniswe yi-pith emhlophe engadliwako. Iintanga - (arils) zimumethe i-asidi edliwako emhluzi obomvu odliwako.
Amarharinadi akhula emfundeni ezitjhisako kodwana kufanele avikelwe elangeni. Akhiqiza amathuthumbo azipholinethako hlangana kwenyanga ka-September kanye neyaka-November. Okutjho bona isthelwesi sivuthwa ngeskhathi begodu sivunwe ngengaba ezintathu.
Ukukhiqizwa kwerharinadi ekurhwetjwa ngalo kufanele kuthome ngemva kweminyaka emithathu begodu kungakhiqiza amattani ayi-30 qobe li-hectare emithini esele iukhulileko (lokha aneminyaka emithandathu ukuya ngaphezulu), kodwana kungafikela ematanini ayi-42 yamatani qobe yi-hectare esele ivuniwe. Iinthelo ziyapholiswa bezikhethwe ngemva kokuvunwa bezithengiswe zinjalo nanyana kwenziwe ngazo ijuzi iintanga zalo, i-arils kanye namafutha walo (zisetjenziswa ekhethwapha) nanyana athunyelwa kwezinye iinarha asithelo esifretjhi.
Imithi yerharinadi ikhula ikhiqize iinthelo iminyaka njeke kuqakathekile kobana ngaphambi kokobana bawatjale abatjali abatjha bamarharinadi bakhethe umhlobo omuhle westhelo abazithenge kuma-nurseries, thatha isampula yehlabathi uyise iyokuhlolwa, uhlole nekhwalithi yamanzi, lungisa ihlabathi uvumele umrabho bona utjhingele phasi, faka iphayiphi lokuthelelela u-Jorrie Mulder umyelelisi nanyana i-technical advisor yehlangano ye-Pomegranate Producers Association (POMASA) uyayelelisa.
Ihlabathi ehle Yokutjala Irharinadi
Ukulungisa indawo ozokutjala kiyo kuqakathekile. Ukutlhogonyelwa kwehlabathi ngaphambi kokobana utjale kuzokurhelebha umthamo womrabhu kobana uthuthuke. Ukutjhingela kwemirabhu yestjalo kukutjengisa inomboro kanye nekhwalithi yemirabhu ozokuba nayo ukukhula kanye nokukhiqiza kwemithi. Isibonelo, ukutjhingela kwemirabhu kobana kunjani – nokobana uthelelela njani kangangani nokobana umthamo ongangani wamanzi ofunekako.Irharinadi lingatjalwa emihlobeni eyahlukeneko yehlabathi kodwana athanda ihlabathi ene-pH eyi -5 -7, 5. Thoma ngokulungisa ihlabathi yakho enyangeni ezine ukuya kwezihlanu ngaphambi kokobana uwatjale, okufana nokulungisa i-pH yehlabathi ngama-limestone amahlanu nokufaka i-phosphorus nangabe ukuhlolwa kwehlabthi kutjengisa bona iyafuneka. Nange kutlhogeka, phungula i-pH yehlabathi ngokufaka i-sulphur. I-Gypsum ingafakwa ukunzinzisa i-sodium (Na) esehlabathini.
Kuqakathekile ukobana ihlabathi yakho ihlolwe. Ikhemikhali inzizisa beyifake amaminerali kufanele kwenziwe ngemva kokufunda kuhle imiphumela yehlabathi. Ngokufanako, abalimi abatjha bangafuna ukungezelela ipilo yamagciwani esehlabathini ngokufaka ikhompowusti ehle lokha nabatjalako, nangabe imiphumela ifuna bona ingezelelwe.
Ungatjjali amakhabe ehlabathini elidaka engakhiphi amanzi ngombana lokhu kungenza bona imirabhu yalo ibole.
Nange imirabhu ingatjhingeli, ukuba khona komthamo wehlanathi qobe mumuthi kungakuncani begodu umuthi uzokubanjwa sisomiso kanye nendlala. Ihlabathi ehlangeneko izokwenza bona imirabhu ingangenwa yi-oxygen, ukungena kwemirabhu kanye nokukhanjiswa kwamanzi nokungenelela kwamanzi ehlabathini.
Khambisa amareyi wentjalo emehlelweni ukuze iintjalo zibanjwe lilanga nokobana ihlabathi ikhiphe amanzi. Ngaphambi kokobana uwatjale aqale etjonalanga kungabancono ngombana azokurhona ukuthola amanzi mahlangothi womabili emini. Linga bona ungatjali imithi iqale epumalanga ukuphungula bona ingatjhiswa lilanga imithi begodu ungatjjali endaweni ezinombethe ezifana nendawo eziphasi ezivulekileko.
Ukutjala Amarhirinadi
Ngokujwayelekileko iintjalo zemithi ezihlangana kwe-600 kanye ne-800 ekufanele zitjalwe ehekutheni linye. Ukwenza iinkhundla emithini kufanele kwenziwe ngendlela le: Kutjalwa imihlanu okungasenani ehekutheni linye, okungasenani emamitha amabilihlangana kwemithi esemareyini. Engadi nange inemithi eminengi, umkhiqizo wayo uzokwehla, ngombana iinthelo zizokuba phezulu kwaphela emithini,umbala wentalo ngeze wabamuhle nempreyiezithelwa kilo ngeze zangenelela.
Lokha nakulungiiswe kuhle ihlabathi, ihlabathi kufanele itjhaphuluke begodu ilungele ukutjalwa. Ukungezelela, amalayini wokuthelelela kufanale abe afakiwe Abatjali bamarharinadi abatjha kuphakanyiswa bona bathenge imithi yamarharinadi emitjha abantwini abathengisa imithi abathembekako kwaphela. Amarhanadi amatjha atjalwa lada ebusika nanyana ekuthomeni kwetwasahlobo, kodwana iba mihle imithi yamarharinadi nayitjalwe etwasahlobo nanyana ekuthomeni kwehlobo Ngemva kokutjala, faka i-mulch ukukhandela ikhula kobana limile bese uyathelelela.
Ngokuya ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa faka, i-100 kg/ha nitrogen (N) qobe nyaka. Lokhu kufanele kwenziwe ngokuya ngomphumela wokuhlolwa. Ukuhlolwa kamakari kutlhogeka bona kwenyeke qobe nyaka Lokhu kutjengisa ukutjhoda kwemetheriyali ekhona estjalweni. Lokhu kungalungiswa ngokobanar afake i-foliar, kodwana lokhu kurarulula umraro iskhathi esincani. Ukuze umraro wokutlhogeka kwezakhimzimba entjalweni iskhathi eside kufaka izakhimzimba entjalweni kubika u-Jorrie.Ukufaka i-foliar hlangana (i-Zn), i-boron (B) lokha nakahlumako. Ukuya ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa faka, i-100 kg/ha nitrogen.
Kungatlhogakala ukuphungula i-nitrogen, phosphorus eduze kobana zivuthwe ukuqiniseka bona zivuthwa kuhle begodu nokobana zinombala omuhle, nokobana iintanga ziba neswigiri. Thola isiyeleliso kusiyazi ofanleko ozokutjengisa iprogramu efanelekileko yokuvundisa amarharinadi.
Ukuthelelelwa Kwamarharinadi
Kuqakathekile bona ikhwalithi yamanzi ihlolwe begodu kufakwe amaphayiphi wokythelelela ngaphambi kokobana kutjalwe. Ngaphandle kokobana irharinadi lithanda ubujamo bezulu obutjhisako neebomileko, imithi yazo itlhoga ukuthelelelwa lokha nakuzokurhwetjwa ngawo. Imithi yawo ikhula ngaphandle kwamanzi kodwana igandeleleke ngokomkhumbulo ingarhoni ukukhiqiza iintelo ezinengi zekhwalithi.Ukuhlolwa kokuthelelela okwenziwe yihlangano ye-Agricultural Research Council (ARC Agricultural Research Council (ARC) sele kuthethe isiphetho sokobana abamahle amarharinadi lokha nakathelelelwa nge-micro irrigation.
I-overhead irriition ayifuneki ngombana amathuthumbo wamarharinadi akafuni ubuswe. Umhlahlandlela wokobana kutlhogakala amanzi angangani lokha nakuthelelelwa amarharinadi ngayi-be 7 500 m3/ha lingana nezulu liyi-750 mm.
Iimfuneko Zokuvundisa Irharinadi
Ukobana irharinadi alivundiswa akutjhwenyi khulu lokha nakumadaniswa nezinto zifana nobujamo bezulu, ukulithelelela kanye nemetheriyali yestalo salo. Nanyana kunjalo, amarharinadi akhiqiza inani elikhulu lemetheriyali lifuna nezakhimzimba ezithize ukobana aragele phambili akhiqize iinthelo.I-Phosphorus kanye ne-potassium zitlhogwa ukufakwa ehlabathini nanyana kuhlolwe amakari nangekutlhogakalako. Enye yentlhogakalo ezimbala zerharinadi yi-zinc (Zn), ebonakala ngokobana amakari werharinadi abe sarulana. I-zinc ingafakwa ngemva kokobana istalo sivuthwe njengokuphakanyisiweko. Thule iinyeleliso kubosiyazi abafanelekileko beprogramu yokuvundisa.
Translated by Busisiwe Skhosana