Ivundela enothileko kunye nehlukene kuhle ngiyo engenelela kuhle ehlabathini. Ingezelela i-organic matter njengesibaseli esiyi-microbes ehlabathini, ingezelele izakhamzimba esitjalweni begodu yenza i-soil tilth ibencono - okuyindlela ihlabathi eqaleka ngayo lokha nayihlawulwelwe ukutjala.
Ngiyiphi Ivundela Ehle?
Ivundela ehle ngileyo enombala ozotho khudlwana engabonakali umetheriyali ofana (neengodo).
Inuka njengehlabathi nofana sengathi yihlabathi yehlathini begodu ayinayo i-pungent ammonia nofana umnuko wokubola. Kufanele ibene-pH eku 7 - 8 begodu imumathe ubuswa obungange 30%; abanye abosolwazi baphakamisa bona ubuswe bulingane ne 40 - 50%.
Inzuzo Yevundela
Ivundela irhelebha ihlabathi bona ibumbe ihlanganisela/-aggregates. Ihlanganisela/-ama-aggreagates ziinthukghu zehlabathi ezineliqana lehlabathi/-soil particles, i-organic matter kunye ne-organic namakhomponenti wamaminerali. Iinhlanganisela/-aggregates lezi zehlabathi zimumethe iimbotjana lapho umoya namanzi zibulungeka khona nalapho ama-nutrients atjhuguluka khona.
Ivundela irhelebha ekutheni ihlukanise ihlabathi eyidaka, ikhuphule i-soil aeration begodu yehlise i-soil compaction. Ivundela ithuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwemilwana nama-fungi anenzuzo ehlabathini. Ama-microbes wehlabathi lawa aqakathekile ekuhlukaniseni ukwakheka okurareneko kwama-organic matter esivundeni ukuze akhuphe ama-nutrients abulungeke ngaphakathi kwe-organic matter.
Ngemva kobana ivundela ihlukaniseke kuhle, i-humus, ezele i-fulvic kunye ne-humic acids, iyabumbeka. Ama-esidi lawa amukhiqizo wokugcina ekuhlukanisekeni kwe-organic matter yevundela. I-Humic acids iyahlangana ibeyi-insoluble nutrient compounds, khulukhulu i-iron, izikhuphe kabuthaka beyiragele phambili ibemhlobo ongamunywa ziintjalo ngemirabho yazo. Ama-esidi lawa ama-nitrogen atjhugulukileko, i-phosphorus, i-pottasium, i-zinc kunye namanye ama-elements atholakalako esitjalweni begodu ehlise itswayi elinengi elitholakala ehlabathini.
Yenziwa Njani Ivundela
Kungasetjenziswa umetheriyali ongakasetjenzwa kunanoma ngimuphi, nawuphethwe ngendlela efaneleko begodu ne-optimum carbon: iretjhiyo ye-nitrogen (C:N) isanakekelwe, kutjho u-Amigo Cantisano encwadini yakhe i-Organic Farming: Principles and Practices.
I-Carbon ehle: iretjhiyo ye-nitrogen nofana amametheriyali angakasetjenzwa ayi 30:1. Lokhu kutjho bona I-C:N yamametheriyali angakasetjenzwa nakahlangeneko abahlangana ne 30:1. Isibonelo, i-C:N ye-sawdust iyi 511:1 begodu i-C:N yomanyoro weenkukhu uyi 7:1. Lesi sivango esihle, kodwana ukungezelelwa kwamametheriyali amanye kubeseduze ne 30:1 (afana ne-seaweed - 19:1 nekoroyi yomucu - 128:1) ukwenza isiqiniseko sokobana woke amametheriyali angakasetjenzwa avanganiswe alingane kuhle.
Sebenzisa amametheriyali angakasetjenzwa ahlukahlukeneko. Ihoyi, umucu kunye ne-green waste eziincephucephu zenza umakhiwo wevundela ubencono besekuthi i-fresh waste, umanyoro weenlwane kunye nama-sea plants zikhuphukise ama-microbial amumethwe yivundela.
Ukungezelela i10% yehlabathi yedaka kukhulisa i-crumb structure bese i-rock dust ikhulise ama-microbial activity. Ungafaki i-lime nofana i-gypsum kufikela lapho ivundela nasele ilungile begodu yenza isiqiniseko sokobana iqumbi yevundela ihlala ithambile.
Ukufaka ivundela engadini encani nofana ekhaya kufanele kwenziwe ngokulandela imithetho efanako lokha nawukhetha amametheriyali angakasetjenzwa ukwenza ivundela. Hlanganisa iinthelo ezifretjhi namakari wemirorho afretjhi elahliweko namaphepha asikiweko kunye nehlabathi yengadini ubese uvanga kuhle, uthele amanzi kancani ukwenza bona kuthambe kuhle lokha nawenza i-breakdown process.
Imihlobo Yevundela
Ivundela ingendlela emakhaza nofana etjhisako. Indlela etjhisako idinga amandla khulu njengombana ifaka hlangana ukuphendula phendula ivundela kanengi ukungezelela umoya. Ivundela etjhisako ibulala imbewu yekhula nama-pathogens begodu yenze nokobana indlela yokwenza ivundela yenzeke msinya.
Ivundela emakhaza ifaka hlangana iqumbu yevundela ejamileko, enamametheriyali angakasetjenzwa equmbini. Indlela lena ingathatha isikhathi esingaphezulu konyaka bona iphelele, kodwana ukufaka i-inoculum yokuthoma yama-microbes kungangezelela evundeni.
Kuvundela ejamileko kusetjenziswa iswiritjhi, i-aeration ekatelelweko nofana ama-fans ayasetjenziswa ukungezelela umoya equmbini yevundela. I-vermicomposting kulapho kusetjenziswa khona imizoka ukuhlukanisa icucu.
Amametheriyali Wokwenza Ivundela
Amametheriyali angakasetjenzwa azele i-carbon angenziwa ivundela afaka hlangana amaqephe wamandongomani, imikhiqizo yamaphepha, ikhabhodi, umucu, ama-woodchips, i-sawdust, amafarho, ikotini, umlotha, utjani obomileko kunye namakari.
Umetheriyali wevundela ozele i-nitrogen ufaka hlangana igazi, iinhluthu noboya, umanyoro weenlwane, iswiritjhi, utjani obufretjhi kunye namakari, iinthelo ezifretjhi nemirorho, ikhula elifretjhi, ikhula lelwandle, i-lawn clippings etc.
Yelela ungasebenzisi umetheriyali ongabanga iimpukani kunye neembandana ezidla inyama, khulukhulu iqumbi yevundela ejamileko, ebola buthaka. Ungasebenzisi iinthoro zenyama, amalahle, amakaka wefuyosithandwa, iintjalo ezinamalwelwe, amafutha ne-oli.
Iswiritjhi ingamumatha amamethali abudisi kunye nama-pathogens. Yenza isiqiniseko sokobana ivundele ezele iqedile ukubona iyahlolwa elabhrari eyaziwako ngphambili kobana uyisebenzise eentjalweni ezidliwako.
Translated by Busisiwe Skhosana