Umgquba otyebileyo nogubeke kakuhle ngoyena uwulungeleyo umhlaba. Wongeza izichumiso kunye nezinongo ezidingekayo kwizityalo eziza kutyalwa emhlabeni lowo. Ne nkangeleko yomhlaba iye iphucuke ibonakale intle.
Unjani uMgquba Olungileyo?
Umgquba olungileyo unombala omdaka-mnyama, uyaphasalaka ezandleni kwaye awubinangceba zee nkuni okanye amaplanga. Uye unuke oku komhlaba, kwaye awunavumba libolileyo. Kufanele ube ne pH ephakathi kwesi 7-8 kunye nobumanzi obungama 30% ubuncinane, ezinye iingcale zicebisa ukuba kufanele ube nokufuma okungama 40% - 50%.
iMivuzo Yokusebenzisa Umgquba
Umgquba unceda umhlaba ukuba wenze ii-aggregates. Ii-aggregates yimbumba yemihlaba equlathe iiparticles zomhlaba, organic matter kunye ne organic and mineral components. Ezi aggregates zomhlaba zinemingxunya emincinci apho imolecules zomoya kunye namanzi kunye nezinongo zitshintshana khona. Umgquba unganceda ekuqgekezeni umhlaba oludongwe, wandise ukungena komoya emhlabeni, uze unciphise nokudibana komhlaba.
Umgquba uvuselela imveliso ye ntsholongwane kunye nokungunda okudingekayo komhlaba. Ezi microbes zomhlaba zibalulekile ukuze kuqhekeke i-organic matter emhlabeni ukuze kuphue izinongo ezingaphakathi kuyo.
Xa sele umgquba udibene kakuhle nomhlaba, kuye kudaleke ihumus nezele zii fulvic kunye ne humic acids. Ezi acids zimveliso zokugqibela ze organic matter yomgquba.
IiHumic acids zidibana nee khompawndi zezinongo ezingenaku chazeka (insoluble nutrient compounds), ingakumi i-ayoni. Ezi khompawndi ziye ziphume kancinci, kancinci ngendlela nemilinganiselo enokufunxwa zizityalo. Ezi asidi zikwajika iinitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc kunye nezinye ii-elementi zibe zizinongo ezinokufunxwa zizityalo, zisekwanciphisa netyuwa eninzi emhlabeni.
iNdlela Yokwenza Umgquba
Kungasetyenziswa phantse zonke izinto ezikrwada, ukuba nje zisetyenziswa ngendlela kwaye zinezabelo ezaneleyo ze carbon kunye ne nitrogen (C:N), kutsho uAmigo Cantisano kwincwadi yakhe ethi Organic Farming: Principles and Practices.
Esona sabelo silungileyo se carbon: nitrogen yi 30:1. Oku kuthetha ukuba iC:N yale mathiriyeli idityanisiweyo ibe malunga nama 30:1. Umzekelo, iC:N yomgubo wamaplanga ingama 511:1 ize iC:N yemanyolo yeenkukhu ibeyi 7:1. Lo ngumxube olungileyo, kodwa ukongezwa kwezinye izinto ezisondele kuma 30:1 (ezifana ne seaweed - 19:1 kunye nengca yengqolowa - 128:1) kuza kuqinisekisa ukulingana kwemixube yemathiriyeli ekrwada.
Sebenzisa imixube ekrwada yemathiriyeli ekrwada. Ingca eyomileyo kunye nemvuthuluka yohlaza iphucula ubume bomgquba logama imvuthuluka yemifuno neziqhamo, imanyolo yezilwanyana kunye nezityalo zase lwandle zisandisa imicrobial content yomgquba.
Ukugalela i10% yomhlaba oludongwe kwandisa ukuphasalaka komgquba kwaye nothuli lwamatye lwandisa ukusebenza kwe microbial. Musa ukugalela ilime okanye igypsum de ube kanti umgquba ugqibelele kwaye ulungele ukusetyenziswa kwaye qinisekisa ukuba induli yomgquba ihlala ifumile.
Xa kusenziwa umgquba kwiizitiya ezincinane okanye ekhaya kufuneka kulandelwe imigaqo efanayo xa kukhethwa imathiriyeli yokwenza umgquba. Dibanisa imvuthuluka yeziqhamo nemifuno kunye namaphepha acukuceziweyo kunye nomhlaba uze uzizamise zidimabe, tshiza nangamanzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba umhlaba ufume ngokwaneleyo ukuze zonke izinto zakho zibole kakuhle zenze umgquba.
iiNdidi zoMgquba
Umgquba ungenziwa ngendlela hot okanye cold process. Ihot process idinga amandla kwaye iyasebenzisa yona kuba idinga ukuphethu phethulwa komhlaba rhoqo ukuze konyke izinga le oxygen. Le ndlela ibulala imbewu yokhula kunye nee pathogens ze ikhawulezise nokubola kwemathiriyeli yomgquba.
iCold composting yona yenziwa ngemathiriyeli emi ndaweni nye epakisheneyo yezinto ezikrwada. Le ndlela ingathatha ixesha elingaphaya konyaka ukugqibelela, kodwa xa kugalelwe i-inoculum yee microbes ingakhawuleza.
Kwilindle elipakusheneyo, kunganyanzelwa ukungena komoya okanye kusetyenziswe iifeni ukwandisa ukungena komoya. iVermicomposting kukusetyenziswa kwemisundululu ukuqhekeza, nokuphasalakisa izinto zendalo ekwenziwa ngazo imigquba.
iMathiriyeli yoMgquba
Umgquba ungenziwa ngezinto ezizele yi carbon ezifana namakhoba amandongomane, iimveliso zamaphepha, ikhadbodi, ingca eyomileyo, iimvuthuluka yemithi/amaplanga, iti bhegi, umqhaphu, uthuthu lomlilo, amahlahla atheniweyo kunye namagqabi.
Izinto zokwenza umgquba ozele yi nitrogen ziquka igazi, iinwele kunye noboya, ilindle lezilwanyana, ilindle labantu. Ingca kunye namagqabi, imvuthuluka kunye neentsalela zeziqhamo nemifuno, izityalo eziluhlaza zokugquma, ukhula, iseaweed, ingca echetyiweyo njalo njalo.
Uyilumkele imathiriyeli enokutsala impukane kunye nezinye izonakalisi, ingakumbi ezakupakishana ibole kade. Ungasebenzisi iintsalela zenyama, amalahle, ilindle lezilwanyana zase khaya, izityalo ezine zifo, amafutha kunye ne oli.
Ilindle le suriji lisenokuba nemethali ezisindayo kunye nee pathogens. Qinisekisa ukuba umgquba wakho ogqibeleleyo uyahlolwa yi labhotetri ethembekileyo ngaphambi kokuwusebenzisa kwizityalo ezityiwayo.
Translated by Zizipho Silwana