Umquba onothile owelahlekile uyisimo esihle kakhulu somhlaba. Ingeza izinto eziphilayo njengokuphaka kwamagciwane enhlabathi, izakhi zesitshalo zingene enhlabathini futhi ithuthukisa umhlabathi - isimo somhlabathi njengembewu yokutshala.
Yini Umquba Omuhle?
Umquba omuhle unesakhiwo esimdaka esimnyama lapho kungabonakali khona konke okukhona kwezinto zokusetshenziswa (isb. izinkuni chips).
Izonwaya njengomhlabathi noma 'ihlathi phansi' futhi ngeke ibe ne-ammonia noma iphunga elibolile. Kufanele ibe ne-pH engu-7 - 8 kanye nokuqukethwe komswakama okungenani okungama-30%; abanye ochwepheshe baphakamisa nokuthi ama-40 - 50%.
Izinzuzo Zomquba
Umquba ulekelela inhlabathi ukwakha ama-aggregates. Ama-aggregates angama-clumps omhlabathi aqukethe izinhlayiya zenhlabathi, izinto eziphilayo kanye nezinto eziphilayo kanye nezokumbiwa. Lezi zinto ezihlanganayo zenhlabathi ziqukethe ama-pores lapho kugcinwa khona amangqamuzana omoya namanzi bese izakhi zomzimba zishintshwa.
Umquba ungasiza ekuqhekekeni inhlabathi yobumba, ukhuphule ukuqina kwenhlabathi futhi unciphise ukusebenza kwenhlabathi.
Umquba uvuselela ukukhiqizwa kwamagciwane omhlabathi anenzuzo kanye nesikhunta. Lawa magciwane omhlabathi abalulekile ukuze abhoboze izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezinto eziphilayo ngomquba ukuze kukhululwe izakhamzimba ezigcinwe ngaphakathi kwento yezinto eziphilayo.
Lapho umquba usuqothulwe ngokuphelele, kwakheka i-humus, enothile ngama-asidi angama-humvic nama-humic. Lawa ma-acid angumkhiqizo wokugcina wokuqeda impahla we-organic. Ama-humic acid abopha ezingxenyeni ezingondlekanga zezakhi zomzimba, ikakhulukazi i-iron, azikhulule kancane futhi njalo ngezindlela amafomu angadonsa ngezimpande zawo. La ma-asidi abuye futhi aguqule i-nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc nezinye izinto zokulandela umkhondo zibe amafomu atholakala ezitshalweni futhi anciphise okuqukethwe kukasawoti omningi emhlabathini.
Ungawenza Kanjani Umquba
Cishe noma yiziphi izinto ezingavuthiwe zingasetshenziswa, inqobo nje uma zisingathwa kahle kanti nekhabhoni elilungile: isilinganiso se-nitrogen (C:N) siyalondolozwa, kusho u-Amigo Cantisano encwadini yakhe ethi Organic Farming: Principles and Practices.
Ikhabhoni enhle kakhulu: isilinganiso se-nitrogen noma izinto ezingavuthiwe ngu-30:1. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-C:N yemikhiqizo eluhlaza ehlangene kufanele ibe cishe ngama-30:1. Isibonelo, i-C:N ye-sawdust ingu-511:1 kanye no-C:N womquba wenkukhu ngu-7:1. Ngokunokwenzeka lokhu kuyinhlanganisela enhle, kepha ukungezwa kwezinye izinto ezisondele ku-30:1 (njengotshani bolwandle - 19:1 notshani lukakolweni - 128:1) kuzoqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okulinganiselwe kwezinto zokusetshenziswa okuluhlaza.
Sebenzisa ukuhlukahluka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa. Udoti, umhlanga notshani obuluhlaza obuthuthukisiwe kuthuthukisa ukwakhiwa kwenqwaba yomquba ngenkathi imfucuza entsha, umquba wezilwane nezitshalo zasolwandle zandisa okuqukethwe kwe-compost.
Ukungezelela i-10% yenhlabathi ebumba ubumba ikhulisa isakhi semvuthuluka futhi uthuli lwamadwala nakho kukhulisa ukusebenza kwamagciwane. Ungangezi i-lime noma i-gypsum kuze kube yilapho umquba ulungile futhi uqinisekise ukuthi inqwaba yomquba igcinwa inomswakama.
Ukwenza umquba ezivandeni ezincane noma emizini kufanele kulandele imithetho efanayo lapho kukhethwa izinto zokusetshenziswa zomquba. Hlanganisa imfucuza emisha yezithelo nemifino enamaphepha ahlanganisiwe kanye nenhlabathi engadini bese uhlangana kahle, ufafaza amanye amanzi ukuze uqinisekise umswakama owanele wenqubo yokuqhekeka.
Izinhlobo Zokwenza Umquba
Umquba ungenziwa ngenqubo eshisayo noma ebandayo. Inqubo eshisayo inabasebenzi abaningi njengoba kuhlanganisa ukuguqulwa kwenqwaba yomquba ukwandisa umoya-mpilo. Ukwenza umquba oshisayo kubulala imbewu yokhula nama-pathogen futhi kusheshise inqubo yokubumba.
Ukwenza umquba obandayo kubandakanya inqwaba yemfumba eyi-tuli, enezingqimba zezinto ezingavuthiwe inqwaba. Le nqubo ingathatha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka ukuqeda, kepha ukufaka i-inoculum yama-microbes e-starter kungakhulisa ukwenziwa komanyolo.
E-composting ye-tuli esetshenziselwa ukuthuthwa kwendle, umfutho we-aeration noma abalandeli asetshenziselwa ukwandisa umoya-mpilo ngezinqwaba zomquba. I-Vermicomposting ukusetshenziswa kwe-Earthworms ukudiliza imfucumfucu eyenziwe ngezinto eziphilayo.
Izinto Zomquba
Izinto ezingavuthiwe ze-Carbon ezingahlanganiswa zingafakwa ku-nutshells, imikhiqizo yamaphepha, amakhadibhodi, utshani, izihlahla zokhuni, sawdust, izikhwama zetiye, ukotini, umlotha womlilo, izihlahla, utshani obomile namaqabunga.
Izinto zomquba ezothelwa ngeNitrogen zifaka igazi, izinwele noboya, umquba wezilwane, imfucuza yokukhucululwa kwendle, utshani obusha kanye namaqabunga, izithelo ezintsha nemfucuza yemifino, izilimo ezimboze ikhava eluhlaza, ukhula okusha, ukhula lwasolwandle, ukuqubuka kotshani, njll.
Qaphela izinto zokwakha ezingadonsa izimpukane nezinyamazane, ikakhulukazi ezinqwabeni ezinamakhompiyutha ezingapheli. Musa ukusebenzisa izingxenyana zenyama, amalahle noma amalahle, imfucuza yezilwane, izitshalo ezinesifo, amafutha kanye namafutha.
Ukungcola kwendle kanye ne-sludge kungaqukatha izinsimbi ezisindayo namagciwane. Qinisekisa ukuthi umgquba osuqediwe uhlolwa elabhorethri eyaziwayo ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa ezitshalweni ezithandekayo.
Translated by Nsika Khoza