Yo fuwa, lawa ya fayelekeke kahlee i xilulamisa misava xa kahle swinene. Ya chela ti organic matter tani hi mafurha ya ti microbes ta misava, swakudya swa swimilani eka misava swi antswisa xivumbeko xa misava naku rimeka hiku olova tani hi ndzhawu leyi kunga byaleriwaka mbewu kona.
Xana Manyoro Ya Kahle Hi Wahi?
Manyoro ya kahle yana xivombeko xa buraweni wo dzwihala lowu hlanhlelelekaka laha switirhisiwa swin’wana eka wona (e.g. swipetlu swa tihunyi) swivonakalaka.
Ya nuhela kufana na misava kumbe ‘forest floor’ naswona yana pungent ammonia kumbe nuhelo wobola. Iyafanele yava na pH ya 7 - 8 xikan’we na ndzhongho wakwalomu ka 30%; vativi van’wana vavula leswaku yingava exikarhi ka 40 - 50%.
Mbuyelo Wa Manyoro
Manyoro ya pfuneta misava leswaku yiva na maguvadi ya kahle. Maguvadi hiloko misava yiva na swivumbeko leswingana swiphemu phemu swotala swa misava leswingana ti organic matter na organic xikan’we nati mineral. Tmaguvadi lawa yana swimbhovani laha mati ya moya swihlayisiwaka kona xikan’we naku cincaniwa ka swakudya.
Manyoro yanga pfuna ku fayelela misava ya vumba leswi endlaka leswaku mati ya nghenelela kahle leswi hungutaka ku gandlana ka misava.
Manyoro ya nyanyula vuhumelerisi bya ti bacteria ta misava na fungi leswi vuyerisaka. Ti microbes leti ta misava tina nkoka eka ku fayelela swivumbeko swotika swa organic matter eka manyoro leswaku swita kota ku humesa swakudya leswi hlayisiweke endzeni ka organic matter.
Loko manyoro ya fayelelekile kahle, humus, leyi fuweke hi fulvic nati humic acids, ya vumbeka. Ti acid leti hitonati fayelelaka rohetelele switirhisiwa leswinga eka leswi endlaka manyoro. Ti Humic acids tivumba swakudya leswinga n’okeki, ngopfu ngopfu iron, switihumesa hiku nonoka kuya emahlweni hindlela leyi swimilani swinga tswongaka hikona swakudya hiku tirhisa timintsu ta swona. Ti acid leti ti cinca nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc natin’wana ti trace elements eka swimilani tiva hi xivumbeko lexi laviwaka hi swimilani kutani swihunguta nhlayo ya munyu eka misava.
Ndlela Yo Endla Manyoro
Kahle kahle switirhisiwa swin’wana na swin’wana swinga tirhisiwa, ntsena loko swi khomiwe kahle naswona kuri na carbon yoringanela: nitrogen ratio (C:N) yi hlayisiwile, kuya hi Amigo Cantisano eka buku yakwe ya Organic Farming: Principles and Practices.
Carbon ya kahle swinene: nitrogen ratio kumbe ti raw materials i 30:1. Leswi swivula leswaka C:N ya mpfanganyiso wati raw materials wufanele kuva wuri kwalomu ka 30:1. Xikombiso, C:N ya sawdust i 511:1 naswona C:N ya tluva ra tihuku i 7:1. Kahle kahle leswi hiwona mpfanganyiso wa kahle swinene waswitirhisiwa swin’wani leswinga ekusuhi na 30:1 (kufana na seaweed - 19:1 na wheat straw - 128:1) leswingata tiyisisa leswaku kuna mfpanganyiso lowu ringaneleke wati raw materials.
Tirhisa switirhisiwa swohambana hambana. Hay, straw na rihlaza leri tsemeleriweke ku antswisa xivumbeko xa ndhundhuma ya manyoro loko yaha tsakama, vulongo bya swifuwo na swimilani swale lwandle swi engetelela vukona bya ti microbes eka manyoro.
Ku engetela 10% wa misava ya clay loam swi engetela xivumbeko xa maguvadi xikan’we na kutiyela leswi engetelelaka migingiriko yati microbes. Unga cheli lime kumbe gypsum kufikela loko manyoro ya lulamerile naswona tiyisisa leswaku ndhundhuma ya manyoro yitshama yirikarhi yi tsakama.
Ku chela manyoro eka swirhapa leswintsongo kumbe emakaya kufanele ku landzeleriwa milawu leyifanaka loko ku hlawuriwa leswi tirhisiwaka ku endla swononisa misava. Hlanganisa mihandzu leyi tsakamaka na matsavu xikan’we na maphepha lawa ya tsemeleriweke na misava yale xirhapeni kutani u swihlanganisa, cheletela mati ku tiyisisa leswaku kuva na ndzhongho leswaku swita kota ku bola.
Tinxaka Ta Manoniselo
Manyoro yanga endliwa hi maendlelo lawa ya hisaka kumbe ku titimela. Maendlelo lawa yo hisa ya tirhisana swinene hikuva swikatsa kuva kutshama kukarhi ku hundzuluxiwa ndhundhuma ya manyoro ku nyanyisiwa ka oxygen. Kuva manyoro ya endliwa hindlela yo hisa swidlaya mbewu ya nhova nati pathogens naswona swiantswisa maendlelo ya manyoro.
Maendlelo lawa yo titimela yakatsa nhulu leyi tshameke, laha ti raw material tinga na ti leyara eka nhulu. Maendlelo lawa yanga teka kwalomu ka lembe ku hetiseka, kambe ku engetela inoculum yati microbes letinga pfunetaka eka ku endliwa ka manyoro.
Eka manyoro lawa yanga tshamiseka lawa ya tirhisiwa eka sewerage sludge, ku rimeriwa ka wona na switirhisiwa swin’wana switirhisiwa kuva kuva swingetelela oxygen eka ndhundhuma ya manyoro. Vermicomposting iku tirhisiwa ka tixikwa kuva ti tifayelela ti organic wastes.
Swo Endla Manyoro
Ti raw materials leti fuweke hi carbon letinga tirhisiwaka ku endla manyoro tikatsa swikamba swa timanga, switirhisiwa swa maphepha, cardboard, tinhlanga, swipetlu swa tihunyi, sawdust, tea bags, rikulu, nkuma, masalela ya swimilani leswi tsemetiweke, byasi byo oma na matluka.
Manyoro lawa yanga fuwa hi nitrogen yakatsa ngati, misisis, voya, vulongo bya swifuwo, sewage waste, byasi byo tsakama na matluka, mihandzu yo tsakama, swimilani swa rihlaza swo engetelela, nhova yo tsakama, seaweed, byasi lebyi tsemetiweke, na swin’wana.
Bfambela kule na swilo leswingata vitana tinhongani na valala van’wani, ngopfu ngopfu eka ndhundhuma leyingalo tshama leyi tekaka nkarhi woleha. Unga tirhisi masalela ya nyama, malahla, thyaka ra swiharhi swalekaya, swimilani leswinga fa, mafurha kumbe oyili.
Sewage waste na sludge swingava na switirhisiwa leswinga n’okeki nati pathogens. Tiyisisa leswaku manyoro lawa ya heleleke ya ringetiwa e laboratory leyi tivekaka loko yangase tirhisiwa eka swibyariwa leswi dyiwaka.
Translated by Ike Ngobeni