Ukulondoloza Kwezokulima kanye Nokukhiqizwa Kwezinhlamvu

© Glenneis Kriel

Ukuqwashisa ngokubaluleka kwenhlabathi enempilo kuye kwabangela inani elikhulayo labalimi abasebenzisa izindlela zokulima. Le ndlela yakhiwe ngezinsika ezintathu, okungukuthi okungenani ukulimala, ukuvunwa kwezitshalo kanye nokujikeleza kwezitshalo.

Ukulima Okuncane

©Glenneis Kriel
Ukugcinwa kwemvelo noma izinga lokulima eliphansi lafakwa eUSA ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu emhlabeni wonke eminyakeni engama-1970 futhi kusukela lapho kwasakazeka kwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise neNingizimu Afrika. Ngokulimala okuvamile, inhlabathi ingalinywa, igxilwe noma igqunywe, okuphazamisa isakhiwo somhlabathi kanye nokuhamba kwesikhathi kuholela ekukhuculeni kwenhlabathi nokuguguleka komhlabathi. Futhi kunomthelela omubi emandleni okubamba amanzi emhlabathini futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokubhujiswa kwezinhlobo zomhlabathi ezinenzuzo.
Ngomhlabathi wokulondoloza, inhlabathi iyaphazamiseka ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngesikhathi sokutshala, izintambo ezikhethekile zokugcinwa kwemithi noma izitshalo ze-Disk zizovele zinyathele noma zinqume inhlabathi emgqeni wokutshala ekujuleni okudingekayo. Ukutshala nokukhulelwa kungenziwa futhi ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukuze ugweme ukuguguleka, abalimi abanolondolozo olunzulu bazohamba phambili futhi basebenzise ubuchwepheshe be-GPS ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imishini esetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa, unyaka ngamunye, isebenza njalo emigwaqeni efanayo ezweni. I-Zero noma i-no-tillage yiyona ndlela eqondile kakhulu yokulima okuncane, lapho kuphela isakhiwo esincane esenziwe ngendwangu yesithombo semifino emhlabathini lapho kufakwe khona imbewu kanye nomanyolo.

Izitshalo Zokumboza

©Roger de la Harpe
Abalimi esikhathini esidlule bangase bashise izwe emva kokuvuna ukuze balahle ukhula. Abalimi bezokulondoloza abashiseli umhlaba wabo, kodwa bashiye izinsalela zezitshalo ezweni, umkhuba obizwa ngokuthi ukugcinwa kwezinhlanga. Ukugcinwa kwe-Stubble kunezinzuzo ezihlukahlukene. Kungenzeka:
Ukuguguleka kwamanzi nomoya wamanzi.
Ukwandisa ukungena kwamanzi namanzi okubamba umthamo wenhlabathi.
Nciphisa u-evaporation.
Ukwandisa indaba ephilayo emhlabathini.
Vikela izilwane ezivela ezimo ezimbi kakhulu zezulu.
Khonza njengendawo yokuhlala kanye nokudla kwezilwane ezinenzuzo.

Ukushintshanisa Izitshalo

Esikhundleni se-mono-cropping, lapho isivuno esifanayo sitshalwe minyaka yonke ngonyaka endaweni efanayo, abalimi abalondolozayo baqhuba ukujikeleza kwezitshalo. Bazohlola izitshalo ezahlukene ezifanele ukukhiqizwa ngaphansi kwemvelo yabo yokukhiqiza bese zijikeleza lezi zitshalo ngomunye nomunye.
E-Western Cape, isibonelo, izitshalo ezinjengokolweni, i-canola, ibhali, i-lupines, imithi kanye ne-lucerne yizibonelo zezitshalo ezingase zifakwe ohlelweni lokujikeleza. Isihluthulelo akusilo ukutshala isitshalo saminyaka yonke emndenini ofanayo ezweni elifanayo iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili. Uhlelo lokujikeleza akudingeki luthelwe ngamatshe, kodwa kufanele lubonwe njengesizo sosizo. Abalimi bangazivumelanisa nezidingo njengoba kudingeka, isibonelo uma kuvela inkinga yokhula noma yesifo.
Umgomo wokujikeleza kwezitshalo ukuphula imijikelezo yesifo ehambisana nokuxhuma kwe-mono. Izifo nezifo ezithile ezihlobene ngqo zihlotshaniswa nezitshalo ezithile, ngakho uma uhlwanyela lezi zitshalo kuphela kuzoholela ekwakheni lezi zilwane. Ngokutshala okunye okunye, lezi zilwane ziyobanjelwa ngaphandle komthombo wokudla, okuzoholela ekunciphiseni kwabo.
Ukutshala ukujikeleza kuvumela abalimi ukuba basebenzise izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokwelapha ukugcina izinkinga zokhula ekuhloleni, okuzosiza ekuvimbeleni ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana nokubulala ukhula. Ukhula lwe-grass, isibonelo, alukwazi ukusetshenziswa uma ukolweni utshalwe njengoba uzobhubhisa ukolweni. Nokho, abalimi bangasebenzisa lezi zitshalo zokutshala utshani lapho kutshalwa izitshalo eziningi. Okufanayo kusebenza ekutheni kube nokudla okuncelisayo. Ngeke isetshenziselwe izitshalo ze-broadleaf, kodwa ingasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza ukolweni.
Uma usebenzisa i-herbicide njalo ulandela imiyalelo futhi ujikeleze imikhiqizo enezithako ezihlukahlukene ezisebenzayo ukuvimbela ukumelana nokukhula kwe-herbicide.

Translated by Nsika Khoza