Indlela Yokuthuthukisa Ukubumbeka Komhlabathi

© Colette Kessler (USDA, NRCS South Dakota)
Ukuthungwa komhlabathi kunqunywa ukuhlanganiswa kwesihlabathi, i-silt nobumba bezinhlayiyana.
Inhlabathi yaseSandani inezinhlayiya ezinkulu, i-coarse-textured futhi igcina amanzi amancane nembalwa izakhi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lombuso kukhona inhlabathi yobumba enezinhlayiya ezincane zobumba. Inhlabathi enobuningi ivame kakhulu, amanzi futhi kunzima ukulima, kepha ingaba ne-nutrient-rich. Phakathi kwenhlabathi enhlabathi nesobumba kukhona inhlanganisela yensimu yelhlabathi-loam-eyilungele ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo.
Kunconywa ukukhetha izitshalo ezifanele zomhlabathi wakho. Isibonelo, izihlahla, ama-roses, isipinashi, i-beetroot, anyanisi nezinhlamvu zingakhula enhlabathini yobumba ngenkathi izitshalo ezinjenge-izaqathe, ama-radishes, amazambane, utamatisi nommbila bakhetha inhlabathi ye-lighter sandier.
Abalimi abambalwa kakhulu banomhlabathi omuhle kakhulu. Abalimi abaningi balwa nomhlabathi omhlabathi onomhlabathi omile ongenamhlabathi noma onhlabathi obunzima futhi obunzima. Ngenhlanhla, kunezindlela zokuthuthukisa ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi nesakhiwo, ngokuvamile ngokufaka izinto eziphilayo ngendlela yokutshala umquba nezitshalo.

Indlela Yokuthuthukisa Imhlabathi Isihlabathi

Ukuze uthuthukise inhlabathi enhlabathini, inhlabathi idinga ukugcina izakhi eziningi. Abanye abalimi basebenzisa uthuli lwamalahle noma 'biochar'. Lesi sitho sithatha izakhi futhi sithumela kancane kancane enhlabathini. Ixubene nomquba wezilwane omusha futhi omanzi futhi ushiye amasonto amabili-3. 'I-Biochar' ingabuye ixubane nomanyolo omanzi futhi kufanele ishiywe amasonto amabili-3. Abanye abalimi bangezela izingxube zezinambuzane zenhlabathi noma uthuli lwamadwala (uma kudingekile) othulini lwamalahle ngaphambi kokuba lusebenze emhlabathini.
Ukusebenzisa umgquba omuncu emhlabathini onesihlabathi ungahlinzeka izakhi ngendlela efakwe kancane. Faka izilinganiso ezincane kakhulu kaningi, kunokuningi kakhulu ngesikhathi. Kunconywa ukumba umquba ngaphakathi enhlabathini enhlabathini futhi ungashiyi emhlabathini. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenzisa umquba ophezulu emanzini kungavimbela ukugeleza kwamanzi nokunciphisa ukuguguleka komoya.
Vimbela ukugcwala ngokweqile emhlabathini onesihlabathi. Esikhundleni sokunquma ifolishi bese uyinikezela ngokudla okuningi.

Indlela Yokuthuthukisa Inhlabathi Yobumba

©Jason Miller (USDA National Resources Conservation Service)
Inhlabathi yomswakama ivame ukondla izakhi, kodwa uma umhlabathi i-pH iphezulu kakhulu noma iphansi, izakhi zingase zingenaso ifomu elincincikayo yezimpande zezitshalo ukuze zithole. Kuye ngesitshalo sakho, uma i-pH ingaphansi kwezingu-6 - futhi i-acidic - hlela ne-gypsum noma i-lime yezolimo. Umhlabathi we-pH ongaphezu kuka-7.5 unganciphisa ngenhlabathi yesulfure.
Ukuthuthukisa amanzi emanzini kusuka enhlabathini yobumba, lungiselela imibhede yokutshala ephakanyisiwe.
Hlanganisa izinto eziningi eziphilayo ezifana nezitshalo ezisele, amaqabunga, ukusika utshani nomquba obolile. Akukona kuphela lokhu okungeza izakhi kumhlabathi wobumba, kodwa kuzosiza ekuqedeni isakhiwo somhlabathi esinzima kakhulu. Ukutshala izitshalo zekhava kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni isakhiwo somhlabathi wobumba.

Imfucumfucu Yezilwane kanye Nokusetshenziswa Komhlabathi

©Ron Nichols (USDA National Resources Conservation Service)
Izibungu zomhlaba zisiza ngesakhiwo somhlabathi ukwakheka ngokuxuba izinto eziphilayo nezinhlayiya zenhlabathi. Zidla izinhlayiya zomhlabathi, zibophe ezinqenqemeni ezincane ezigciniwe futhi zenze lezi zinhlobo zomhlaba. Le 'umquba womhlaba' ubizwa nangokuthi i-vermicast.
Imfucumfucu yezilwane ezibolile kahle ezivela kumahhashi, izinkomo kanye nezinkukhu kungenzeka ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwenhlabathi okuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukubunjwa kwenhlabathi kanye nekhwalithi. Uma kunokwenzeka, khetha uketshezi kwezitshalo ezithile.
Umquba wamahhashi ucebile ezakhiweni ezisemqoka futhi ufanele imifino ekhula ngokushesha, efana ne-broccoli, i-cauliflower ne-ulethisi.
Umquba wezinyosi uphakeme kakhulu ku-nitrogen futhi usetshenziselwa imifino enamagatsha afuna ama-nitrojeni amaningi afana nesipinashi ne-ulethisi.
Umquba wezinkukhu unamandla kakhulu futhi uphakeme kakhulu ku-nitrogen. Kuhle ukuxuba enhlabathini enhlabathini ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukugcina umswakama nokuhle kumifino enamagatsha.

Translated by Nsika Khoza