Ungawuphucula Njani Umgangatho Womhlaba

© Colette Kessler (USDA, NRCS South Dakota)
Umgangatho nobume bomhlaba buxhomekeka kumxube wesanti, iintsalela zamatye kunye nezomongwe.
Imihlaba eyisanti inamahlalutye amakhulu, irhabaxa kwaye inamanzi amancinci kunye nezinongo ezimbalwa. Kwelinye icala kubekho imihlaba eludongwe. Imihlaba yomdongw ivamise ukuqina, iyawagcina amanzi kwaye kunzima nokuyihlakula. Kodwa ke, ingazala zizinongo. Phakathi kwezindidi zimbini zomhlaba kubekho ne mihlaba yesanti exubene nomdongwe, neyeyona ilungele imveliso yezityalo.
Kucetyiswa ukuba ukhethe izityalo ezilungele indidi yomhlaba oza kutyala kuwo. Ukuba ufuna ukutyala, umzekelo, imithi, iintyatyambo zohlobo lwe roses, ispinatshi, iibhitruthi, amatswele kunye neengqolowa ingachuma kakhulu kwimihlaba eludongwe; logama izityalo ezifana neeminqathe, iiradish, amazambane, itamati kunye nombona zikholwa yimihlaba eyisanti engekho nzima.
Ambalwa kakhulu amafama anendidi efanelekileyo yomhlaba. Amafama amaninzi asokoliswa yimihlaba eyisanti eyomileyo nengachumanga okanye ezele ngamanzi kunye nemihlaba eyimidongwe. Ngethamsanqa zikhona iindlela zokuphucula umgangatho nobume bomhlaba. Amaxesha amaninzi umhlaba ungaphuculwa ngokugalela imanyolo kunye nezityalo zokugquma.

Indlela Yokuphucula Imihlaba Yesanti

Ukuphucula umhlaba wesanti, umhlaba udinga ukubanakho ukubamba izinongo. Amanye amafama asebenzisa uthuthu lwamalahle okanye i‘biochar’. Olu thuthu luthi chu ukufunxa izinongo ze luzikhuphelele emhlabeni. Le bochar ke idityaniswa nesichumiso esingamanzi kwaye kufuneka iyekwe kangange veki ezi 2-3. Amanye amafama enza imixube ye microbes zomhlaba okanye uthuthu lwamatye (ukuba kukho isidingo) kunye nothuthu lwamalahle ngaphambi ze ayihlakulele emhlabeni.
Ukusebenzisa imanyolo eyenziwe ngezinto zendalo kungenza izinongo zikhupheleke kancinci kancinci emhlabeni. Kufanele umane ugalela imanyolo kancinci kancinci amatyeli amaninzi, kunokuba ugalele eninzi ngexesha elinye. Kucetyiswa ukuba ugrumbele imanyolo enzulwini yomhlaba ungayishiyi ngaphezu komhlaba. Kodwa ke, ukusebenzisa izityalo zokugquma ngaphazu komhlaba kungathintela ulophu/ukunyibilika kwamanzi kuze kunciphise namathuba okhukuliseko lomhlaba ngenxa yomoya. Musa ukuyeka imfuyo itye kakhulu kwimihlaba eyisanti. Ngcono uyisike ingca leyo okanye uhlaza, ze imfuyo uyiphele kwiindawo engenye yokutyela.

Indlela Yokuphucula Imihlaba Yodongwe

©Jason Miller (USDA National Resources Conservation Service)
Imihlaba yodongwe ivamise ukuzala zizinongo. Ukuba ipH yomhlaba iphezulu kakhulu okanye isezantsi izinongo zisenokungabikho kwimo apho iingcambu zesizityalo zingakwazi khona ukuzifunxa. Ngokuxhomekeke kwisityalo sakho, ukuba ipH ingaphantsi kwesi 6-ine asidi eninzi-nyenyisa nge gypsum okanye ilime yezolimo. IpH yomhlaba engaphezulu kwesi 7.5 ingehliswa nge sulphur yomhlaba.
Ukuze uphucule izinga lokufunxeka kwamanzi kwimihlaba yodongwe, kufuneka wenze umandlalo ophakamileyo wemihlaba oza kutyala kuyo. Galela izichumiso zendalo ezifana neentsalela zezityalo, amagqabi, ingca kunye nemanyolo ebolileyo. Oku akongezi zinongo nje kuphela emhlabeni, koko kukwanceda ukuqhekeza ubume bomhlaba osindawo noqinileyo.

Imanyolo Yezilwanyana kunye no Mgangatho Wohlaba

©Ron Nichols (USDA National Resources Conservation Service)
Imisundululu inceda ekuphuculeni umgangatho bokumile komhlaba ngokuthi ixube imanyolo kunye nomhlaba. Le misundululu ikwatya umhlaba, ize iwubumbe ubezii micro-aggregates. ‘Ilindle’ le misundululu likwabizwa nge vermicast.
Imanyolo ebolileyo yezilwanyana ezifana namahashe, iinkomo, kunye neenkukhu inokuba sesona sichumiso sikwaziyo ukulungisa umgangatho womhlaba. Ukuba unakho, khetha imanyolo eyenzelwe izityalo ezithile. Imanyolo yamahashi izele zezona zinongo zibalulekileyo nezilungele imifuno ekhawulezayo ukukhula, efana ne broccoli, cauliflower kunye ne lettuce.
Imanyolo yenkomo izele yi nitrogen kwaye isetyenziswa kwimifuno engamagqabi edinga iinitrogen eninzi, le mifuno iquka ispinatshi kunye ne lettuce.
Imanyolo yeenkukhu iyakhawuleza ukucoleka kwaye izele zi nitrogen. Ilungele ukuxutywa nomhlaba oyisanti ukuze iphucule indlela isanti ewagcina ngayo amanzi; kwanoku chumisa imifuno eluhlaza engamagqabi.

Translated by Zizipho Silwana