Amakhiwane aluhlobo lweziqhamo zakudala, zazityalwa kweli lo Mzantsi Afrika njengongo yokuvelisa ijam nokuzomisa, kodwa kuthe ngeminyaka yo 2000s, izilimo zamakhiwane ezilungele okokuba amakhiwane athengiselwe amanye amazwe ngengeziqhamo ezityiwayo, zaqalisa ukutyalwa.
Amakhiwane asematsha/asandula kukhiwa kufuneka ahlale ixesha elingange veki ukuze akwazi ukuhanjiswa ngesithuthi, ngexesha amakhiwane omiswayo elungele ukutyalwa kwimimandla eyomileyo kweli lo Mzantsi Afrika.
Intlobo zamakhiwane zohluke ukusuka kwamancinci kakhulu naphantse angqukuva ngobume ukuya kumakhiwane amakhulu abubume bepere phantse angathi ‘likhiwane eliyibhanana’.
Imibala yamakhiwane yohluka kwimibala ephantse yamnyama nesikhumba esimbala ubomvu kakhulu ukuya kumthubi luhlaza no pinki ongacacanga ukuya phantse kumbala osisikhumba esimhlophe.
Amagama wezilimo zamakhiwane angathanda ukubhida ngenxa yentlobo ezaziwa ngamagama angamanye kwamanye amazwe. Kungakho amagama abubuninzi ukuya kuma 700 kodwa uninzi lawo luthetha into enye. Ezinye zentlobo zamakhiwane athengiswayo ziyacaciswa apha ngezantsi:
Amakhiwane Anesikhumba Esimnyama
Intlobo zamakhiwane ezihamba phambili kweli lo Mzantsi Afrika yi Parisian/Evita. Zezona ntlobo zityalwayo eMzantsi Afrika. Esisiqhamo sincinci ukuya phakathi sinesikhumba esimfusa nomphakathi ombala obomvu kwaye ikumgangatho olungele ukutyiwa, kwaye ahlala ixesha elide engonakali.
Uhlobo oluncinci lwamakhiwane iRonde de Bordeaux zikwaziwa ngokuba ngu ‘Eve’, kwaye zivelisa amakhiwane amancinane ekuqaleni kwexesha lesivuno sawo. Ezinye zezityalo ezingu 4 hektare ziyafumaneka ePorterville.’
Ezinye zentlobo zokuqala zamakhiwane ezityalwe kwelo Mzantsi Afrika luhlobo oluvela kade eliphakathi ngobukhulu elingu ‘Adam’. Isikhumba simfusa ze umphakathi ube bomvu kakhulu. U- Adam likhiwane elikulungele kakhulu ukutyiwa kwaye likulungele ukomiswa kodwa alidibani nokuhanjiswa ngesithuthi.
Kukhona elinye uhlobo ke elifanayo ngembonakalo kodwa linesikhumba esimnyama- bomvu, kuthi yi ‘Black Genoa’ yona ikhawuleza ivuthwe kuno ‘Adam’. Kwaye yaziwa njenge khiwane laphakathi kwixesha lesivuno.
Uhlobo ‘Tangiers’ likhiwane elikhulu eline ncasa emnandi kwaye lihlala ixesha elide. Ikulungele kakhulu ukomiswa. Oluhlobo lityalwa ePiketberg, Hermon, Napier, kunye nase Prince Albert.
Uhlobo lwamakhiwane elivuthwa kade elinomphakathi onzulu kwaye obomvu, I’King’ ivelisa amakhiwane amancinci, anokuthi achachambe. Izityalo zifumaneka eWorcester, Ladismith, nase Oudtshoorn.
Uhlobo I’Black Mission’ linesikhumba esimfusa siye sibemnyama nomphakathi obomvu kunye nencasa emnandi ‘yekhiwane’.
Olunye uhlobo ‘Cape Black’ ivelisa amakhiwane amancinci angqukuva anesikhumba esimfusa-mnyama nomphakathi omhlophe. Iinokutya okuninzi ngaphakathi, lisetyenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni ijam kwaye yenziwa nesikhumba.
Yona ke embala-ukaki ‘Cape Brown’ yenye yamakhiwane amadala kweli lo Mzantsi Afrika kwaye kulula ukuyibona ngenxa yesikhondo sayo eside. Iyathanda ukutyiwa kwaye isetyenziselwa nokwenza ijam.
Elona hlobo lekhiwane lityiwayo elixhaphakileyo yi ‘Brown Turkey’ yona ithengiswa njenge khiwane eliselitsha kwaye liveliswa kwelase Turkey, USA nase Israel.
Amakhiwane Ambala Ukhanyayo
Uhlobo I’Calimyrna’ likhiwane elingqukuva, elimhlophe, nangaphakathi limhlophe kwaye lelona hlobo lekhiwane elisetyenziswa kakhulu lomiswe eTurkey nase USA. Ngenxayo bunzima bongcoliseko kwisityalo, akukhuthazwa okokuba ilinyelwe intengiso kweli lo Mzantsi Afrika.
Umbala uluhlaza, ngaphezulu kokuba mfusa, ‘Dauphine’ ivelisa ibreba figs ezinkulu kakhulu ezibubunzima obufika ku 240 gm. Ezintlobo, eMzantsi Afrika zityalwa kuphela eNapier kumandla wase Overberg.
Incinci kwaye iyakhawuleza ukuvuthwa ‘Cape White’ luhlobo oludala lwekhiwane eMzantsi Afrika. Inesikhumba esiluhlaza ngombala ngaphakathi ngumbala opinki ongacacanga. Isetyenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni ijam.
Yona ke I’Kodota’ embala uhlaza ngaphandle inomphakathi omhlophe ukuya ku pinki kwaye likhiwane eliswiti kakhulu. iKodota ingatyiwa okanye isetyenziswe kwenye into nesikhumba sayo kwaye ivunwa ekuqaleni okanye phakathi kwixesha lesivuno.
Yona ke I’White Genoa’ embala oluhlaza ngaphandle likhiwane elixhaphakileyo kuba livelisa isivuno esibonakalayo se breba kwaye isetyenziswa ukwenza ijam.
Uhlobo I’Deanna’ ithengwa iziswe eMzantsi Afrika lisebe iAgricultural Research Council Infruitec, yona ke ivelisa amakhiwane amakhulu ambala utyheli ukuya kumbala oluhlaza. Ivelisa amakhiwane akulungele kakhulu ukutyiwa, kwaye ahlala ixesha elide kwaye ilungele ukomiswa nokwenza ijam.
Translated by Zikhona Plaatjie