iBambara Groundnut, ikwabizwa ngokuba yi earth pea, jugo bean okanye nyimo beans. Zisondele kwi mbotyi icowpeas kwaye zityiwa ngabantu nezilwanyane. Iintlobo zasendle, kunye nentlobo ezilinywa kwiigadi, ziye zivelise iGroundnuts eziyimibala-ngemibala kwaye imilinganiselo emincinci yembewu emfusa ngombala, ukuya kwezinkulu ezimhlophe-mdaka ngombala ezinamehlo amnyama.
Iintlobo ezimhlophe na mdaka-mhlophe ezinembewu enkulu, ziye zikhethwe kweli le Afrika logama iintlobo ezimnyama nabomvu zikhethwa kum’mandla waMazantsi eMpuma ye Asia.
Eyona njongo yokukhulisa iBambara groundnut yimbewu yazo, esetyenziswa njengokutya kwimisebenzi yesintu efana nemi (ngcwabo) nokunikezana izipho. Iimbotyi esele zivuthiwe, ezomileyo ziyabiliswa zityiwe njenge mbotyi, ezithi zigutywe zenze umgubo kunye nokutya kwezilwanyane.
Kutsha nje umdla uvuselelekile wokulima iBambara groundnut kwimi mandla eyomileyo ye Savannah njengoko inyamezela kwimbalela kwaye ivelisa isivuno esibonakalayo, nkqu kwimihlaba engachumanga, efana nom’mandla we Bambara, cebukuhle na maZantsi we Timbuktu we Sahara. iNigeria lelona lizwe livelisa igroundnuts kwilizwe lonke. iBambara groundnut ilinywa kumaphondo oMzantsi Afrika, iMpumalanga, Limpopo, kunye ne Kwazulu Natal.
uKutyala iBambara Groundnut
Kweli loMzantsi Afrika, iBambara groundnut ilinywa kakhulu, kwaye ilinywa nombona, imbotyi iicowpeas, kunye nemixoxozi okanye ilinywe yodwa. Ithatha ixesha elingangee nyanga ezintathu ukuya kwisithadathu ukuvuthwa, kuxhomekeka kwisimo sezulu. iBambara groundnut isasazwa ngembewu xa kutyalwa kuqikelelo oluphakathi kwe 25kg ukuya kwi 160kg nge hectare, ngokwe miqolo okanye ngokusasazwa ngezandla. Ingakhuliswa kumhlaba onesanti kwaye ongachumanga, kubelula ukuyivuna kumhlaba owomileyo.Ubushushu obulungele ukwenza iBambara groundnut idubule buphakathi ko 30-35℃. Ilanga elihlabayo nobushushu obuqhelekileyo bemini obuqikelelwa ku 27℃ buyakhethwa. Imihlaba enesanti enokuxinana etyebileyo kwi phosphorus (P) ne potassium (K) zezona zingcono, nangona izifundo ezithile zifumanise okokuba ukutyebisa ngezi minerali azenyusi isivuno. iBambara groundnut ingenza ngcono umgangatho womhlaba ngokuba iyakwazi ukulungisa umoya we nitrogen osemoyeni emhlabeni nge ntsholongwane ekwi qela le Bradyrhizobium.
Isityalo sikhula ubude obungange 30 cm kwaye sibukeka njenge ngqokelela yamagqabi (wezihlahla ezingantathu) zikhula kwiqela le ngcambu ukuze zenze isasazeke phantsi. Iqokobhe le groundnut, eline mbewu enye okanye ezimbini (amandongomane), akhula phantsi komhlaba. Imbewu iyavutha kwinyanga ezintathu ukuya kwisithandathu emveni koku dubula. Ngexesha lokuvuna, izityalo siye sitsalwe ngesandla emhlabeni, siveze amandongomane akhula ngaphantsi komhlaba. Ze lamandongomane asuswe ngesandla kwaye asetyenziswe asematsha okanye omiswe. Ukuvuna iintsimi ezincinci kwenziwa kwixesha elithile. Umyinge wama 300- 600 kg we hectare ungalindeleka.
Ityiwa njani iBambara Groundnut
iBambara groundnut inezakha mzimba ezibalulekileyo ezifana ne protein ekumlinganiselo ophakathi kwe 18 ukuya ku 19% kunye nomlinganiselo we 63% we carbohydrates no 6.5% wamafutha. Nangona umlinganiselo we protein usezantsi xa kufaniswa nowa mandongomange, iimbewu ye Bamara groundnut ityebile kuna mandongomane kwi amino acids ezifana ne isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine kunye ne valine.Lamandongomane angatyiwa esematsha okanye esandula ukukhiwa emthini ngokuthi abiliswe okanye aqhotswe, kodwa angomiswa. Uninzi lweentlobo zamandongomane zityiwa emveni kokuba zomisiwe. Amandongomane omisiweyo, abubude obuzi 1.5cm, afumaneka enembewu enesikhumba esiqinileyo kakhulu. Imbewu iye igutywe, yeliwe ukuze kuphume amakhatshu kushiyeke umgubo ocolekileyo, usetyenziswe ukwenza isonka, amaqebengwane okanye idombolo. Lomgubo uxutywa ne oli, namanzi adikidiki, itswele elinqunqiweyo, ityuwa, kunye no mgubo we chilli, emveni koko upheke isonka ngamanzi.
Ubisi lwama ndongomane neemveliso ezididiyeliweyo ezifana ne tempeh (imveliso ye soy edidiyeliweyo). Iyenziwa ngembewu okanye ngentanga. Ubisi lwe Bambara ground lusetyenziswa njengo bisi lokunqamla kumazwe amaninzi e-Afrika.
iBambara groundnut isetyenziswa njengo kutya kwezilwanyana njengoko ityebile kumoya we nitrogen kunye ne phosphorus. Iintanga okanye iimbewu inikezwa iihagu kunye neenkukhu, kwaye iindawo ezinamahlahla zisetyenziswa njengokutya. Amagqabi we Bambara groundnut awomileyo enza ukutya okunezinongo ezifana ne proteni efikelela ku 16% ngokondla. eNigeria, intlanzi itlapia ityiswa iBambara groundnut ne protein esuka emagqabini walomthi unonayo ulikhula,owaziwa nangokuba yi ‘white popinac (Leucaena leucocephala).
Translated by Zikhona Plaatjie