Mhaka ya Misava yale Richtersveld

Xiphemu xa Misava

©David Fleminger

Vatilulamiserile kuya tirha eka timayini ta dayimani, mfumo wa tiko ra Afrika Dzonga wuvuye wukota ku tshamisekisa timhaka ta misava e Richtersveld. Leswinga endla leswaku, exikarhi ka 1925 na 1926, ku simekiwa khomixini leyingana na swiringanyeto naswona vatekile xiboho xa leswaku kinyikeriwa ka Melvill loku aku kunguhatiwile akuri xiphemi xikulu swinene xa misava. Xiphemu xin’wana xa 143 000 morgen (122 500 hectares) axi tsemiwile naswona vukulu byo hetelela bya misava yale Richtersveld byivuye byisala eka kuhundza nyana 300 000 morgen, kutlula hafu ya xikoxo xosungula xa misava. Hile henhla nyana ka kwalano, xiphemu xa misava lexi axi tsemiwile xinyikiwile ma- ‘Hottentots nati Bastards’ kuva va xitirhisa, hiku nyikiwa mpfumelelo hi holobye wa Native Affairs. Eku heteleleni hi 1930, thikithi ra ximfumo ra vutshamo rihumesiwile hi holobye wa swa misava – hambi leswi misava leyi kuya hi nawu akahari misava ya mfumo.
Maendlelo lawa ya fanaka yave tano nale ka switichi swa ti mission swotala e tikweni hinkwaro. Mbuyelo wa kona wutiveka tani hiti ‘coloured reserves’ kumbe ‘coloured rural areas’. E Namaqualand, ntlhanu wa tona tive simekiwa: Richtersveld, Steinkopf, Leliefontein, Komaggas na Concordia. Atiri tinwana ta letikulu swinene e tikweni hinkwaro, laha ati fika eka kutlula 1.5 million hectares loko tihlanganile.

Tindzhawu ta ma-Coloured

Bodo ya vulawuri yak hale na khansele aswi fambisiwa hi vulawuri bya tipolotiki eka tindzhawu ta ma-coloured. Akuri vona lava ava teka xiboho xaleswaku i mani anga ringanela ‘citizenship’ eka tindzhawu teto naswona akuri mani loyi anga ringanela kukuma yindlu, madyelo ya swifuwo, timfanelo to hlawula eka khansele na swin’wana. Ku lulamisiwa ko hlawuleka aku nyikiwa eka ti bywoners (lava avangari na ndzhawu – kambe vatirha tani hi varisi, kumbe vatirhi ntsena) xikan’we na vreemdelinge (switaswifamba – lava katsaka ti missionaries, vaxavisi, vadyondzisi na van’wamapurasi vavalungu).
Mintlawa leyimbirhi ayi fanele kukuma mpfumelelo wa vutshamo bya nkarhi nyana, madyelo ya swifuwo hiku cincana hi tinyiko tokarhi, kuxiximiwa kumbe vukorhokeri byo karhi eka vaaki. Kufikela sweswi, tinxaka tohambana hambana leti ati tshama e Namaqualand se ati tolovelanile hikuva se ati tshama swin’we. Hambi leswi aswivula leswaku kuna kutshamisana hi kurhula exikarhi ka valala vakhale, mhaka ya vutitivi bya Nama kumbe Khoikhoi abyi tsanwiwa swinene. Vutitwi bya vuaki abyi tsanwiwa nakambe hi xihlawuhlawu lexi axiri kona loko kutsarisiwa vaaki laha vona ava tekiwa tani hi ma-‘coloured’.

Nawu wa Groups Areas Act

©Jaques Marais

Swahatetano, ti basters vasungule kuteka xiave xikulu eka vutomi bya tipolotiki ta tindhzawu ta ma-coloured yale Namaqualand. Hinkarhi walowo ava antswela rixaka ra ma-Khoikhoi hi nhlayo, naswona ava vuyeriwa swinene eka dyondzo leyi ayi tisiwa hiti missionaries. E Richtersveld, vukona bya vona abyi tsanwiwa hikokwalaho ka kufika ka Bosluis Basters hi 1949.
Ntlawa wuntshwa wati ‘bastaards’ wususumetekile ku rhurha ekaya ravona ra Pofadder ndzhawu ya Bushmanland hikokwalaho ka nawu wa Group Areas Act, lowunga pasisiwa ximfumo hi ember a 1950. Lexi akuri xiphemu xa nawu lexi axivula leswaku tinxaka tokarhi tifanela kuva ti tshama hi xitona kungavi na kukatsana. Nawu lowu (lowu ngetelelaka nawu wa khale wa Land Act of 1913) akuri xona xivangelo xaku susiwa hi nkanu lokunga xanisa tiko hi malembe yava 1950s (kukatsa Sophiatown, District 6, South End etc.).

Vanhu va Matikhomelo yo biha

Loko swa hatetano, loko mfumo wa xihlawuhlawu wa D.F. Malan wu thomujela ximoko, rixaka ra Bosluis Basters (leri ariri na kwalomu ka 68 wa mindyangu) aringari na swin’wana handle kop aka swa rona ringhena e swigolonyanini kutani rifamba kwalomu ka kutlula 300 kms kuya lava ndzhawu yintshwa laha kungatava kaya ra vona. Laha vanga fika kona kuve ndzhawu leyi ayingari na nchumu ya Richtersveld, leyi ayitekiwa tani hindzhawu yo cukumetela kona leswi aswinga laviwi kumbe vanhu vopfumala matikhomelo ya kahle.
Kufanele kuve rendzo rotika swinene, kambe ava pfuniwa hi vurhangeri bya mufundhisi wa vona, Reverend Eksteen, loyi angava na vona kusukela hi lembe ra 1945. Eku heteleleni, ndzhawu yi hlawuriwile etibuweni ta nambu ekule swinene na swilo. Kereke yi akiwile hiku hatlisa kutani kuhundzuka ndzhawu yintswa leyinga vuriwa Eksteenfontein, hiku xixima murhangeri wa vona wa ximoya.
Ekuheteleleni, ndzi pfumeleleni ndzi kombisa leswaku nawu wa Group Areas Act awu tsema hi kambirhi. Hi malembe yava 1950s, kwalomu ka nkaye wa mindyangu ya van’wamapurasi va valungu (lava avatshame swa nkarhi nyana etindzhawini ta ma-coloured) navona va susiwile e Richtersveld. Leswi aswikatsa: ndyangu waka Avenant lowu awuri na purasi e De Hoop laha namuntlha hinge hile ntangeni wa Richtersveld National Park (masirha ya vana va muti waka Avenant yaha vonaka na namuntlha loko u tiva leswaku u fanele kuya langutela kwihi); vaka Van Rensburgs lava avari na muti e Grasdrif; ndyangu waka Graaff e Gelykwerf; vamakwavo vaka de Vries lava avari na purasi e Vandersterrberg xikan’we na Koeskop; kukatsa na ndyangu waka Bosman lowu awutshama e Stinkfontein (sweswi kunga Eksteenfontein).

Translated by Ike Ngobeni