Udaba Lomhlaba e-Richtersveld

Umhlaba Onqunyiwe

©David Fleminger

Kungoba izimayini zedayimani zaseziningi endaweni, uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika wagcina enqume ukuxazulula inkinga yomhlaba waseRichtersveld. Ngakho-ke, phakathi kuka-1925 no-1926, ikhomishana yasungulwa ukuze kwenziwe izincomo, futhi banquma ukuthi isicelo seMelvill sasikhulu kakhulu. Amahektha angu-122 500 anqunywa ingakho ubukhulu bomhlaba bokugcina bezwe leRichtersvelders waba ngaphezu kuka-300 000 morgen, ngaphansi kwahafu wengxenye yaso yokuqala.
Okuhle, lengxenye yomhlaba enciphisiwe kwavumeleka ukuze isetshenziswe 'ama-hottentot nama-bhasitela', ngaphansi kwegunya likaNgqongqoshe WezaseMdabu. Ekugcineni, ngo-1930, ithikithi elihle lokugcinwa(noma ukulondolozwa) lakhishwa nguNgqongqoshe Wemihlaba - nakuba umhlaba wawusezandleni zikahulumeni.
Inqubo efanayo yenziwa kwezinye iziteshi zemishini zangaphambili ezweni lonke. Izinhlangano ezasungulwa zaziwa ngokuthi 'izindawo zokugcina uhlobo lwabanantu abanesikhumba sombala ohlangene' noma 'izindawo zasemaphandleni zohlobo lwabantu bombala ohlangene'. E-Namaqualand, kwasungulwa ezinhlanu zazo: Richtersveld, Steinkopf, Leliefontein, Komaggas ne Concordia.Zaziphakathi kwezinkulu kunazo zonke kuleli zwe, zilinganiselwa kumahektha angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1.5.

Iziqiwu Zabantu Abanombala Ohlangene

Amabhodi amadala okuphatha kanye nemikhandlu agcinwa njengeziphathimandla zezombusazwe kulezi ziqiwu zabantu abanombala ohlangene. Bakhetha ukuthi ubani ofanelekile ukuba 'abe yisakhamuzi' ezinqolobaneni, ngakho-ke ngubani owayenelungelo lokuthola izindlu, umhlaba wesondlo sezifuyo, amalungelo okuvota emkhandlwini njalo njalo. Ukuvunyelwa okukhethekile nakho kwanikezwa abantu abazihlalisa ezweni - ababesebenza njengabelusi noma izinceku) kanye nabantu bangaphandle noma abangaziwa - ababandakanya izithunywa zevangeli, abahwebi, othisha kanye nabanye abalimi abamhlophe. La maqembu amabili kwakudingeka athole imvume emkhandlwini wezindlu zesikhashana ngokushintshana ngezipho, isethulo noma isevisi emphakathini.
Manje, amaqembu abantu abahlukahlukene ahlala eNamaqualand ahlangane futhi bese bezwana kakhulu. Nakuba lokhu kwakusho ukuthi kube khona ukuthula phakathi kwalabo ababencintisana, umqondo we-Nama noma iKhoikhoi owaziwa ngokucacile wawungasekho. Lo mqondo 'wesizwe' wabhidlizwa okwengeziwe uhulumeni wobandlululo owabonisa ukuthi bonke abantu babenemibala ehlukahlukene.

Umthetho Wezindawo Zamaqembu

©Jaques Marais

Ngakho-ke, abantu abanombala ohlangene bathatha indima evelele empilweni yezombusazwe kumaqiwu eNamaqualand.
Babeningi, bengcono futhi bephezulu kunanoma iyiphi insalela yamaKhoikhoi, futhi babe nezinzuzo zemfundo eqhubekayo ezandleni zezithunywa zevangeli.
E-Richtersveld, lobu bukhona buqiniswa kakhulu ngokufika kweBosluis Basters ngo-1949.
Leli qembu elisha 'lamabhasitela' lase liphoqelelwe ukuba lihambe ukusuka emzini wabo eSifundazweni Sabantu Abasemaphandleni saseBushmanland ngoMthetho Wezindawo Zamaqembu, owasungulwe okusemthethweni ngo-1950.
Kwakungumthetho okhohlakeleyo owasho ukuthi wonke amaqembu ombala kufanele ahlukaniswe omunye komunye.
Lesi senzo (isandiso soMthetho woMhlaba omdala ka-1913) yimbangela yochungechunge lokuxoshwa okuphoqelekile okwahlupha leli zwe phakathi neminyaka yama-1950 (kubandakanya uSophiatown, District 6, South End njalo njalo).

Abantu Abangahlonipheki

Futhi-ke, lapho uhulumeni wobandlululo wakwa D.F. Malan esungula incindezi, amaBasluis Basters (ehlanganisa imindeni engaba ngu-68) bebengenakukhetha ngaphandle kokupakisha impahla yabo ezinqoleni zezinkabi futhi bahamba ngezinyawo amakhilomitha angaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu endaweni ezomile befuna ikhaya elisha. Ukuya kwabo kwakuyizindawo ezikude ze-Richtersveld, okubhekwa njengendawo yokulahla abantu abangafuneki/noma abangahlonipheki.
Kumele ukuba kwaba luhambo olunzima, kodwa babesizwa ubuholi obuhle bomfundisi wabo, uMfundisi Eksteen, owaye nomphakathi kusukela ngo-1945. Ekugcineni, isayithi lakhethwa emaphethelweni omthombo omncane, endaweni engaziwa. Ngokushesha isonto lakhiwa futhi indawo entsha yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-Eksteenfontein, ngokuhlonipha umholi wabo ongokomoya.
Ngokuvala, ngivumele ngikhombise ukuthi uMthetho Wezindawo Zamaqembu wanquma izindlela zombili. Ngama-1950, imindeni engaba yisishiyagalolunye yabalimi abamhlophe (manje ababehlala kusiqiwu sabantu abanombala ohlangene) basuswa ku-Richtersveld. Lezi zihlanganisa: Umndeni wakwaAvenant owalima eDe Hoop eNyakatho yeRichtersveld National Park (amathuna abantwana abaningana bakwa Avenant angabonakala uma wazi lapho ungabuka khona); abakwaVanes Rensburgs ababenezindlu emzini waseGrasdrif; umndeni wakwaGraaff eGelykwerf; abazalwane bakaVries abalima phezulu kweVandersterrberg naseKoeskop; kanye nomndeni wakwaBosman owahlala eStinkfontein (manje okuyi-Eksteenfontein).

Translated by Nsika Khoza